Intervention | Model | Alterations of GM | Alterations of lipids | Main effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VSL#3 | APP NL-GF mice | Verrucomicrobia↑, Actinobacteria↑, Taurodeoxycholic acid↓ | PGE2↓, 6-keto PGF1α↓, PGF2α↓, AA↑ | Regulate inflammation response | [234] |
L. plantarum | APP/PS1 mice | TMA↓, TMAO↓ | CLU↓ | Alleviate neuroinflammation, reduce hippocampal Aβ levels, improve cognitive | [178] |
SLAB51 | 3×Tg-AD mice | Bifidobacterium spp.↑, Campylobacterales↓, Acetic acid↑, Propionic acid↑, Butyric acid↑ | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol↑, stearic acid↑, heptadecanoic acid↑, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol↓, oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol↓, total cholesterol↓, ω-6/ ω-3 PUFAs ratio↓ | Improve glucose metabolism, ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders, alleviate inflammatory responses, reduce cerebral oxidative stress, decrease Aβ deposition, and enhance cognition | |
Bifidobacterium breve strain A1 | Aβ injection mice | phylum Actinobacteria↑, family Bifidobacteriaceae↑, family doribacteraceae↓, Lachnospiraceae↓, acetate↑ | SCFAs↑ | Suppress inflammation and immune response, enhance cognitive, | [244] |
NK46 | 5×FAD-Tg mice | Prevotellaceae↑, Ruminococacea↓, Lachnospiraceae↓, Helicobacteriaceae↓, Pseudomonadaceae↓, LPS↓ | SCFAs↑ | Inhibit inflammatory responses, reduce Aβ production and accumulation, alleviate memory and cognitive decline | [245] |
Human Lactobacillaceae | APP/PS1 mice | Bacteroidetes↑, Staphylococcus↑, Acinetobacter↑, Weissella↑, Butyricicoccus↑, Sphingobacterium↑, Proteobacteria↓, Desulfobacterota↓, Patescibacteria↓, Eisenbergiella↓ | Malondialdehyde↓ | Reduce oxidative stress, attenuate microglia activation, improved the cognitive deficiencies | [246] |
Bifidobacterium Lactis Probio-M8 | APP/PS1 mice | Desulfovibrionaceae↑, Oscillospira↑, Coprococcus↑, Clostridiales↑, acidifaciens↑, Adlercreutzia↓, Lactobacillus↓,Streptococcus↓ | fatty acid biosynthesis↑, SCFAs↑ | Reduced Aβ plaque burden, protected against gut microbiota dysbiosis, alleviate cognitive impairment | [247] |
Clostridium butyricum | APP/PS1 mice | Alloprevotella↑, Deferribacteres↓, Helicobacteraceae↓, Helicobacter↓, butyrate↑ | SCFAs↑ | Ameliorated microglia activation, neurodegeneration, Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits | [248] |
Mannan oligosaccharide | 5×FAD-Tg mice | Prevotella↑, Oscillospira↑, Lactobacillus↑, Helicobacter↓, butyrate↑,LPS↓ | SCFAs↑ | Ameliorated microglia activation, neurodegeneration, Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits | [240] |
Morinda officinalis | APP/PS1 mice | Arthrobacter↑, Phycicoccus↑, Streptococcus↑, Akkermansia↑, Blautia↑, Ruminococcus↑, Coprococcus↑, Allobaculum↑, Dehalobacterium↑, Methanolinea↑, Candidatus Methanoregula Lactobacillus↑, Allobaculum↑, Lactobacillaceae↑, Lachnospiraceae↑, Mucispirillum↓, Odoribacter↓, Rikenella↓, Faecalibacterium↓, Alistipes↓, Parabacteroides↓, Anaerotruncus↓ | linolelaidic acid↑, LysoPC↑, LysoPE↑, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid↓ | Reduce neuronal apoptosis, improve memory | [249] |
FMT | APP/PS1 mice | Bacteroidetes↑, Proteobacteria↓, Verrucomicrobia↓, butyrate↑ | SCFAs↑ | Relieved cognitive deficits, Aβ accumulation, synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation | [241] |
FMT | APP/PS1 mice | / | 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine↓, PC (16:0/16:0) ↓ | Decreased Aβ plaque, proliferation and activation of astrocyte and microglia | [43] |