Table 2 Relevant studies on the current oral drug formulations affecting the gut microbiota and lipids in AD
Category | Compound | Model | Alterations of GM | Alterations of lipids | Main effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenols | Hawthorn flavonoid | D-galactose and aluminum chloride induced AD mice | Dubosiella↑, Alloprevotella↑, Bifidobacterium↑, Acinetobacter↓, | Docosapentaenoic acid↑, sphingolipid↑, PC↑ | Ameliorated Aβ accumulation and abnormal activation of hippocampal microglia, improved cognitive deficits | [251] |
Curcumin | APP/PS1 mice, BV2 Microglial Cells | Prevotellaceae,↓ Bacteroides↓, Escherichia/Shigella↓ | TREM2 expression↑ | Inhibits neuroinflammation, reduce the amyloid plaque burden, improve the spatial learning and memory abilities | ||
Bilberry anthocyanins | APP/PS1 mice | Serum and brain LPS levels↓, | SCFAs↑ | Decreases hippocampal neuroinflammatory responses, Aβ plaques, reverse cognitive disfunction | [254] | |
Luteolin | / | Butyrate↑, Neurotoxin cytokines↓, LPS↓,TMAO↓ | SCFAs↑ | Reduce neuroinflammation, intracellular tau-related neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular Aβ deposition | [264] | |
Herbal medicines | Schisandra chinensis | Aβ injection SD rats | Lactobacillus↑, Firmicutes↑, Bacteroidetes↑, Pseudomonadaceae_Pseudomonas↓,butyrate↑, propionate↑, | SCFAs↑ | Improved learning and memory capacity, reduced neuroinflammation, and restoration of the integrity of the intestinal barrier | [257] |
Epimedii Folium and Curculiginis Rhizoma | LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mouse model | LPS↓ | TREM2 expression↑,APOE expression↓ | Inhibited neuroinflammation, ameliorated cognitive impairment | [260] | |
Pyrolae herba | LPS injection C57BL6/J mice | LPS↓ | TREM2 expression↓ | Reduce pro-inflammatory factors, improve cognitive function | [261] | |
Statin | Atorvastatin | SD rats | Lactobacillus↑, Blautia↓, Ruminococcaceae↓ | RA metabolism↑ | Inhibit neuroinflammation, improve cognitive decline | [265] |
Simvastatin | Ovariectomized/D-galactose AD rat | Propionic acid↑, acetic acid↑, butyric acid↑, tight junctions of intestinal cells↑ | SCFAs↑ | Decreased cell death and Aβ plaques, reducted neuronal inflammation, protected learning and memory function | [263] |