Nitrosamine exposure exacerbates high fat diet-mediated type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment

Table 4 Effects of High Fat Diet and NDEA Exposure on Biomarkers of Insulin and IGF Resistance in Temporal Lobe

	LFD	LFD+NDEA	HFD	HFD+NDEA	F-Ratio	P-Value
Insulin	0.093 ± 0.011	0.155* ± 0.015	0.181** ± 0.028	0.069 ± 0.008	9.1450	< 0.0001
IGF-1	0.170 ± 0.012	0.253** ± 0.029	0.101* ± 0.015	0.101* ± 0.007	16.4000	< 0.0001
IGF-2	2.336 ± 0.285	2.414 ± 0.675	1.718 ± 0.219	2.004 ± 0.179	19.3400	< 0.0001
Insulin R	1.060 ± 0.129	0.977 ± 0.070	0.997 ± 0.117	0.634* ± 0.073	3.6360	0.0210
IGF-1R	0.814 ± 0.111	1.027 ± 0.098	0.482* ± 0.047	0.485* ± 0.059	10.3700	< 0.0001
IGF-2R	0.649 ± 0.049	0.721 ± 0.107	0.893* ± 0.051	0.540 ± 0.053	4.5660	0.0080
IRS-1	0.393 ± 0.031	0.439 ± 0.040	0.244** ± 0.013	0.185*** ± 0.016	19.3400	< 0.0001
IRS-2	1.678 ± 0.211	2.652 ± 0.406	1.127 ± 0.104	1.300 ± 0.166
IRS-4	0.029 ± 0.005	0.153*** ± 0.030	0.049 ± 0.007	0.025 ± 0.004	15.0000	< 0.0001

Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR with results normalized to 18S rRNA (see Methods). Values correspond to mRNA/18S × 10^-6. Inter-group comparisons were made using ANOVA tests. For all measurements, df = 3/36. Significant differences relative to the LFD control group were demonstrated using the Dunnett's post-hoc multiple comparison test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).

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