Fig. 1

Transplantation of hNSCs into NSE/APPsw transgenic mice. a Schematic drawing of a representative coronal brain section, illustrating the wide distribution of hNuMA⁺ grafted cells (red dots). Asterisks indicate the transplantation sites. Lowercase letters represent the site captured in the respective photomicrographs shown in (b–j). b–e GFP-expressing hNSCs (b and e) or hNuMA⁺ cells (c and d) are largely engrafted from the LV or third ventricle (3 V) to the SVZ, and from dorsal 3 V (D3V) to the thalamus and hypothalamus. f Some hnestin⁺ cells are detected in the thalamus. g–j The grafted cells migrate along the white matter tracts: BrdU⁺ cells in the corpus callosum (cc; g); hNuC⁺ cells in the cingulum (h); and hNuMA⁺ cells in the external capsule (i), and toward the cortex (j). k–n Most hNuMA⁺ cells express hnestin in the cortex (k) and external capsules (l), whereas a few hNuMA⁺ cells are co-localized with either TUJ1⁺ or Olig2⁺ cells in the SVZ (m) and thalamus (n), respectively. Arrows in N indicate hNuMA/Olig2 double-labeled cells. o–q A few hNuMA⁺ cells express DCX (o) or PDGFR-α (p) in the white matter tracts, and GFAP (q) in the cortex. Arrowheads in Q indicate co-localization of hNuMA and GFAP, representing z-stack confocal images (three small images in the right panel of q). r Differentiation patterns of grafted hNSCs in transgenic mice (n = 4, where n is the number of mice). In k–m, o, and p, z-stack images are built and compiled to maximal intensity projections. Scale bars, 50 μm