Fig. 3

hNSC transplantation reduces tau phosphorylation via Trk-induced Akt/GSK3β signaling in the NSE/APPsw transgenic mouse brain. a–c Photomicrographs of AT180 immunostaining in the brains of vehicle-injected wild-type (WT-Veh; a), vehicle-injected transgenic (APP-Veh; b), and hNSC-injected transgenic (APP-NSC; c) mice. d–g AT180 immunoreactivity in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 region (HIPP; inside the dotted rectangle in d and e) and the posterior parietal cortex (CTX; f and g) in hNSC- and vehicle-injected transgenic mice. Or, oriens layer; Pyr, pyramidal cell layer; Rad, stratum radiatum. h Immunohistochemical image analyses of AT180 immunoreactivity comparing hNSC graft (NSC, n = 4) and vehicle injection (Veh, n = 4) in the transgenic mice. i Levels of phosphorylated tau (AT180, AT8, pTau, and PHF13) on western blot image analyses in brains of vehicle-injected (n = 5) and hNSC-injected (n = 6) transgenic mice. j Levels of neurotrophins (BDNF, NTF3, NGF, and NTF4) on western blot image analyses in brains of vehicle-injected (n = 3) and hNSC-injected (n = 4) transgenic mice. k Levels of phosphorylated TrkA/B, Akt and GSK3β using western blot analysis on brains of vehicle-injected (n = 3) and hNSC-injected (n = 3) transgenic mice. l and mRelative levels of phosphorylated tau (l) and kinases related to Trk-dependent Akt/GSK3β signaling (m) using western blot image analyses from Aβ42-treated PC12 cells in the presence of hNSC-derived CM (NSC, n = 3) and fibroblast-derived CM (Fib, n = 3). Scale bars, 100 μm. The number of mice (n) in H-K is indicated. The number of experiments (n) in L and M is indicated. All data represent mean ± SEM. Error bars indicate ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01