Fig. 5

hNSC transplantation suppresses astrogliosis and microgliosis in the NSE/APPsw transgenic mouse brain. a–c Representative images of GFAP⁺ astrogliosis in the hippocampus of vehicle-injected wild-type mice (WT-Veh; a), and of vehicle-injected (APP-Veh; b) and hNSC-injected (APP-NSC; c) transgenic mice, at 7 weeks post-transplantation. Scale bar, 100 μm (c). d–f Representative images of Iba1⁺ microgliosis in the brains of vehicle-injected wild-type mice (d), and of vehicle-injected (e) and hNSC-injected (f) transgenic mice, at 7 weeks post-transplantation. Scale bar, 100 μm (f). Ga–Ib The hNSC transplantation substantially decreases the numbers of Iba1⁺ cells in the cortex (Gb) and hippocampus (Hb and Ib) of transgenic mice compared with those in their vehicle-injected cohorts (Ga, Ha, and Ia). Scale bar, 100 μm (Ib). gcl, granular cell layer in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Ja–Kb The numbers of F4/80⁺ (Ja and Jb) and CD11b⁺ microglia (Ka and Kb) appear to decrease in the hippocampus of hNSC-injected transgenic mice compared with those in their vehicle-injected cohorts. Scale bar, 50 μm (Jb and Kb). l Relative levels of the optical density of GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of hNSC-injected (NSC, n = 3) and vehicle-injected (Veh, n = 3) transgenic mice. m Relative levels of Iba1 immunoreactivity, quantified as a percentage of the area occupied using ImageJ, in the cortex (CTX) and hippocampus (HIPP) of hNSC- and vehicle-injected transgenic mice (n = 3 per group). The number of mice (n) in L and M is indicated. All data represent mean ± SEM. Error bars indicate ± SEM. *p < 0.05