Fig. 4

GLS1-containing MVs induce neurotoxicity. a-d Extracellular MVs were isolated from mock-infected and HIV-1-infected MDM at 7 days post-infection and incubated with RCN at the indicated dosage for 24 h (a, c). 100 μl of MVs were added in RCN with or without 10 μM of BPTES, a GLS1 inhibitor, for 24 h (b, d). Neurotoxic potentials of MVs were determined by MTT (a, b) and MAP2 ELISA assays (c, d). e, f Extracellular MVs were isolated from control and LPS-activated microglia and incubated with RCN with or without 10 μM of BPTES for 24 h. Neurotoxic potentials of MVs were determined by MTT with incubation of different dosages of MVs (e) and MAP2 ELISA assays with incubation of 100 μl of MVs (f). *, ** and *** denote p < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 in comparison to controls, respectively; #, ## and ### denote p < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 in comparison to HIV-infected group, respectively. Results are expressed as means ± SD of triplicate samples and are representative of three independent experiments