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Fig. 7 | Molecular Neurodegeneration

Fig. 7

From: Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair: emerging therapeutic modality for Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 7

P021 treatment enhances dentate gyrus neurogenesis and rescues dendritic and synaptic loss in 3xTg-AD mice. Reprinted from Kazim et al. [99] with permission from Elsevier. a-d DG neurogenesis, as evaluated by counting Ki-67 (cell proliferation maker) and doublecortin (DCX, marker for immature neurons) positive cells, was significantly deficient in 15–16 month-old 3xTg-AD mice, and was corrected by P021 treatment. a, c Representative photomicrographs illustrating Ki-67+/TOPRO and doublecortin (DCX) + cells in the DG of hippocampus from 15–16 month-old/6 months treatment mice. b, d Densitometric quantification data of Ki-67+ and DCX+ cells are shown as mean ± S.E.M. from WT-Vh (n = 6), Tg-Vh (n = 7) and Tg-P021 (n = 7), and WT-Vh (n = 5), Tg-Vh (n = 6), and Tg-P021 (n = 6), respectively. Arrow heads indicate positive cells. e-h The 15–16 month old 3xTg-AD mice showed significantly reduced MAP2 (dendritic marker) and synaptophysin (presynaptic marker) expression level (fluorescence intensity) in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus, respectively. P021 treatment significantly ameliorated this deficit. e Representative photomicrographs illustrating MAP2 immunoreactivity in the CA3 region. f Densitometric quantification of the immunohistochemistry is shown as mean ± S.E.M. fromWT-Vh (n = 6), Tg-Vh (n = 7), and Tg-P021 (n = 7). g Representative photomicrographs illustrating synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the CA1 region. h Densitometric quantification of the immunohistochemistry is shown as mean ± S.E.M. from WT-Vh (n = 6), Tg-Vh (n = 6), and Tg-P021 (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Scale bar = 100 μm

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