Fig. 1

Temporal relation of IL-1β to chemokine expression and macrophage infiltration following photo-oxidative damage (PD). a After 24 h of light exposure, a number of inflammasome activation markers were significantly upregulated (Casp1, Casp8, Nlrp3, P < 0.05), in addition to Il-1β (P < 0.05). b-c Representative images show immunoreactivity for IL-1β (red) in the outer retina following 24 h of photo-oxidative damage, particularly in the ONL, subretinal space and RPE (B; arrows), and which co-localised to IBA1+ microglia (green) (C; arrows). d Up-regulation of IL-1β was documented over a 24 h time-course of photo-oxidative damage (P < 0.05), which was found to align closely with up-regulation of Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 over the same period (P < 0.05). e A large increase in the number of IBA1-immunoreactive macrophages was quantified within the outer retina (ONL and subretinal space) following photo-oxidative damage (P < 0.05) compared to dim-reared controls. f-g Representative images showcase the infiltration of IBA1-immunolabelled macrophages (green) within the ONL and subretinal space (arrows) in retinal sections following photo-oxidative damage (g), in contrast to the absence of these cell in sections from dim-reared retinas (f). c, choroid; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OS, outer segments. N = 4-6 per group. Asterisks denote a significant change, where P < 0.05. Scale bars equate to 50 μm