Fig. 4

TRPA1 channels mediate astrocytic hyperactivity. a Immunohistochemistry of mouse stratum radiatum astrocytes showing that TRPA1 channels expression (green) was located in GFAP-positive processes (magenta) but also went over in distal processes excluding GFAP staining (e.g. white arrowheads). b, c. Within the astrocytic population, proportion of astrocytes displaying calcium activity and frequency of astrocyte calcium activity in physiological condition (light grey; n = 43), under 100 nM Aβo application (orange; n = 12), 40 μM HC 030031 application (dark grey; n = 7) and 100 nM Aβo + 40 μM HC 030031 co-application (cyan; n = 10). d Frequency histogram revealing that Aβo-induced hyperactivity is reduced when HC 030031 is co-applied (cyan). Related theoretical Poisson distributions were shown accordingly. e, f. Within single astrocyte arbor, proportion of subregions displaying calcium activity and frequency of astrocyte calcium activity in physiological condition (light grey; n = 7), under 100 nM Aβo application (orange; n = 13), 40 μM HC 030031 application (dark grey; n = 7) and 100 nM Aβo + 40 μM HC 030031 co-application (cyan; n = 5). Results are compared with the physiological condition with *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 and ***, p < 0.001 or the Aβo condition with #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01 and ###, p < 0.001