Fig. 4

Insulin administration rescued proliferation and neurogenesis. a SVZ BrdU+ cells were reduced in DMO and insulin reversed this effect (**p = 0.07 vs. rest of the groups). DCX burden was also increased after insulin administration to DMO (†p = 0.019 vs. Control, Control + IN-Ins, Control + ICV-Ins and STZ + ICV-Ins) (Control n = 5, Control + ICV-Ins n = 5, Control + IN-Ins n = 4, STZ n = 5, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 3 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 3). b Cortical number of BrdU+ cells was reduced in DMO and insulin administration reversed this effect (##p < 0.01 vs. Control + IN-Ins and STZ + IN-Ins) while differences did not reach statistical significance when DCX+ cells were counted (p = 0.848). (Control n = 5, Control + ICV-Ins n = 5, Control + IN-Ins n = 4, STZ n = 5, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 3 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 3). c The same profile was observed when hippocampal BrdU+ (#p < 0.05 vs. STZ + IN-Ins) and DCX+ cells (p = 0.964) were analyzed (Control n = 5, Control + ICV-Ins n = 3, Control + IN-Ins n = 4, STZ n = 5, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 3 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 3). One-way ANOVA followed by Tuckey b or Tamhane tests, was used for statistical analysis. d Representative images from the SVZ where reduced BrdU+ (green) and DCX+ (red) staining can be observed in DMO, while ICV-Ins and IN-Ins reversed the situation