Fig. 6

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is alleviated in 5xFAD mice with Gad67 haploinsufficiency. a The iNOS positive immune cells (red), as the pro-inflammatory subtype of microglia (pseudo colored in green for merge purpose), is remarkably reduced in frontal cortex (FCX) and piriform cortex (PIRC) of bigenic brain (AD+GG+), close to the level in AD negative brain (normal condition). Dotted line circled regions were zoomed in and were shown in the lower right corner of each micrograph. Scale bar represents 30 μm. b-c Quantification analysis displays a dramatic reduction of iNOS covered area percentage in both frontal cortex and piriform cortex of AD+GG+ than AD+GG- of similar age. N = 6 mice of 10–11 months age in each genotype groups (AD-GG-, AD-GG+, AD+GG-, AD+GG+). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m., * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA with the Tukey’s post-hoc test when comparing multiple groups