Fig. 4

Administration of anti-TLR2 (T2.5) decreases neuroinflammation in synucleinopathy mouse model. Non-tg or α-Syn-tg (Line 61) mice were administrated with either IgG (5 mg/kg) or T2.5 (5 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. a Representative images from immunohistochemical staining of GFAP and Iba-1 in the hippocampus of mice. The level of GFAP was analyzed by optical density quantification and the number of Iba-1 positive cell was counted in the hippocampus of mice (n = 6 per group). b Representative images from co-localization of GFAP (green) and IL-6 (red) in the antibody-administrated mice. The percentages of GFAP/IL-6 double positive cells were analyzed in the hippocampus of mice. (n = 6 per group). c Double immunolabeling analysis for human α-synuclein (green) and GFAP (red) in tg mice. The percentages of α-synuclein and GFAP positive cells were analyzed in the hippocampus of tg mice (n = 6 per group). d–f Quantitative analysis of the cytokine gene expressions in the cortex of mice. The expressions of IL-1β (d), TNFα (e), and IL-6 (f) were normalized to the levels of β-actin (n = 4 per group). g Immunoblot analysis of the whole brain lysates probed for NFκB, IL-6, and β-actin. The levels of NFκB and IL-6 were determined by densitometric quantification (n = 3 per group). Data are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; one way ANOVA for (a, d–g) and unpaired t test for (b and c). Scale bars, 250 μm (low magnification) and 25 μm (high magnification)