Fig. 3

Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine levels are increased in the substantia nigra of PD patients. a-d Substantia nigra from control subjects (n = 20) and PD patients (n = 18) were used to determine glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer) levels with NP-HPLC. a, c Data were analysed using Pearson correlation analysis. b, d Comparison of GlcCer and LacCer levels in 70s-cohorts and 80s-cohorts of control subjects and PD patients was performed using 2-way ANOVA (n = 8–10 per cohort, *** = p < 0.001). PD patients identified as GBA mutation carriers are shown in grey (a,c). e-g Substantia nigra from control subjects and PD patients were used to determine glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), sphingosine (Sph) and sphinganine (SphA) levels with RP-HPLC. e GlcSph levels in 70s-cohorts and 80s-cohorts of control subjects and PD patients (n = 5 per cohort, ** = p < 0.01, 2-way ANOVA). f Sph levels in 70s-cohorts and 80s-cohorts of control subjects and PD patients (n = 5 per cohort, * = p < 0.05, 2-way ANOVA). g SphA levels in 70s-cohorts and 80s-cohorts of control subjects and PD patients (n = 5 per cohort, * = p < 0.05, 2-way ANOVA). Bar graphs are presented as mean ± SEM