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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to cholesterol intakes in 2514 participants in the EMCOA

From: Longitudinal and nonlinear relations of dietary and Serum cholesterol in midlife with cognitive decline: results from EMCOA study

 

Cholesterol intake quartile, mg/d

P value

Q1(< 188)

Q2 (188–283)

Q3 (283–385)

Q4 (> 385)

Demographic characteristics

 Age

58 (56, 62)

59 (55, 62)

59 (55, 62)

59 (55, 62)

0.707

 Women, n(%)

349 (55.57%)

362 (57.37%)

355 (56.71%)

291 (46.26%)

< 0.001*

 Education years

9 (9, 12)

9 (9, 12)

12 (9, 12)

12 (9, 12)

0.001*

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 (22.9, 26.7)

24.6 (22.6, 26.6)

24.4 (22.6, 26.4)

24.5 (22.6, 26.5)

0.371

Lifestyle

 Current smoker, n(%)

161 (25.64%)

151 (23.93%)

131 (20.93%)

154 (24.48%)

0.242

 Current drinker, n(%)

143 (22.77%)

140 (22.19%)

151 (24.12%)

195 (31.00%)

0.001*

Medical History

 Diabetes, n(%)

69 (10.99%)

73 (11.57%)

96 (15.34%)

140 (22.26%)

< 0.001*

 Hypertension, n(%)

235 (37.42%)

212 (33.60%)

195 (31.15%)

187 (29.73%)

0.022*

 CHD, n(%)

79 (12.58%)

63 (9.98%)

52 (8.31%)

55 (8.74%)

0.051

 vLipid-lowering medication per se use, n(%)

80 (12.74%)

74 (11.73%)

52 (8.31%)

57 (9.06%)

0.030*

APOE genotype with 0/1/2 ɛ4 risk alleles

0.473

 0 (ε2/ε3, ε2/ε2, ε3/ε3)

525 (83.60%)

517 (81.93%)

515 (82.27%)

527 (83.78%)

 

 1 (ε3/ε4, ε2/ε4)

98 (15.61%)

109 (17.27%)

102 (16.29%)

100 (15.90%)

 

 2 (ε4/ε4)

5 (0.80%)

5 (0.79%)

9 (1.44%)

2 (0.32%)

 

Dietary intakes†

 Energy, kJ/d

7165 (5732, 9169)

6477 (5005, 8524)

6927 (5691, 8135)

6823 (5159, 9034)

< 0.001*

 Carbohydrates, g/d

271.88 (231.75, 310.47)

245.47 (214.74, 278.66)

244.60 (213.94, 274.34)

224.99 (197.91, 251.91)

< 0.001*

 Protein, g/d

59.40 (52.85, 66.49)

63.22 (57.85, 69.18)

65.24 (59.68, 71.10)

71.69 (65.79, 80.71)

< 0.001*

 Fat, g/d

59.29 (44.18, 74.88)

67.37 (54.51, 79.38)

66.69 (55.59, 79.09)

70.34 (59.43, 80.46)

< 0.001*

 SFA, g/d

15.83 (12.50, 18.71)

18.63 (15.71, 21.42)

19.08 (16.56, 21.93)

21.87 (19.55, 24.87)

< 0.001*

 PUFA, g/d

25.27 (16.77, 33.38)

27.88 (20.90, 34.62)

26.16 (19.34, 33.59)

23.69 (16.41, 31.20)

< 0.001*

 MUFA, g/d

20.98 (15.27, 25.35)

24.16 (19.39, 28.39)

24.03 (20.06, 28.55)

27.68 (23.47, 32.52)

< 0.001*

 Eggs, g/d

12.01 (4.01, 20.75)

29.97 (23.47, 41.12)

58.00 (49.11, 61.11)

62.66 (57.16, 66.61)

< 0.001*

Serum Cholesterol

 TC, mmol/L

4.51 (3.79, 5.19)

4.50 (3.80, 5.23)

4.51 (3.74, 5.25)

4.67 (3.98, 5.34)

0.054

 TC > 5.20 mmol/L, n(%)

150 (23.92%)

160 (25.36%)

170 (27.16%)

177 (28.27%)

0.308

 TG, mol/L

1.50 (1.09, 2.08)

1.59 (1.11, 2.13)

1.40 (1.06, 2.00)

1.36 (0.99, 2.00)

< 0.001*

 TG > 1.70 mmol/L, n(%)

247 (39.39%)

277 (43.90%)

219 (34.98%)

224 (35.78%)

0.004*

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.24 (1.05, 1.48)

1.26 (1.10, 1.46)

1.30 (1.10, 1.50)

1.29 (1.10, 1.50)

0.06

 HDL-C < 1.04 mmol/L, n(%)

146 (25.13%)

113 (19.25%)

111 (19.68%)

115 (20.35%)

0.052

 HDL-C > 1.70 mmol/L, n(%)

46 (9.56%)

44 (8.49%)

62 (12.04%)

61 (11.94%)

0.166

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.77 (2.20, 3.31)

2.79 (2.20, 3.35)

2.72 (2.12, 3.31)

2.82 (2.30, 3.39)

0.438

 LDL-C > 3.12 mmol/L, n(%)

206 (32.85%)

207 (32.81%)

209 (33.39%)

221 (35.30%)

0.762

 Non-HDL, mmol/L

3.24 (2.62, 3.81)

3.20 (2.59, 3.92)

3.22 (2.58, 3.85)

3.35 (2.71, 3.93)

0.100

 Non-HDL ≥ 3.40, n(%)

270 (43.06%)

262 (41.52%)

255 (40.73%)

296 (47.28%)

0.088

 LDL-C/HDL-C

2.22 (1.68, 2.73)

2.20 (1.73, 2.71)

2.11 (1.72, 2.60)

2.18 (1.71, 2.71)

0.325

 LDL-C/HDL-C ≤ 1.31, n(%)

50 (8.85%)

53 (9.20%)

63 (10.92%)

54 (9.52%)

0.654

 LDL-C/HDL-C ≥ 3.19, n(%)

62 (10.75%)

55 (9.52%)

49 (8.70%)

59 (10.31%)

0.667

Baseline Cognitive Performance

 MoCA

24 (22, 26)

25 (22, 26)

25 (22, 27)

26 (24, 27)

< 0.001*

 AVLT-IR

14 (11, 18)

14 (11, 18)

15 (12, 18)

15 (12, 19)

0.004*

 AVLT-SR

5 (3, 7)

5 (3, 7)

5 (3, 7)

5 (4, 7)

0.154

 AVLT-LR

4 (2, 6)

4 (2, 6)

4 (2, 6)

4 (3, 6)

0.087

 SDMT

32 (25, 40)

34 (28, 41)

34 (26, 42)

35 (29, 44)

< 0.001*

 DSF

8 (7, 8)

8 (7, 9)

8 (7, 9)

8 (7, 9)

< 0.001*

 LMT

9.5 (5.5, 14.0)

10.0 (6.0, 14.0)

11.0 (6.5, 15.0)

11.0 (7.5, 15.0)

< 0.001*

  1. Abbreviations: MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, AVLT-IR auditory verbal learning test-immediate recall, AVLT-SR auditory verbal learning test-short recall, AVLT-LR auditory verbal learning test-long recall, SDMT symbol digit modalities test, LMT logical memory test, DSF digit span forwards, DSB digit span backwards, BMI body mass index, CHD coronary heart disease, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, Non-HDL-C non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, APOE apolipoprotein E
  2. Data shown as median (interquartile range) were compared between 4 groups using Kruskal-Wallis rank test;
  3. Data shown as n (%) were compared between 4 groups using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test
  4. †All dietary nutrients and egg intake are energy adjusted according to the regression–residual method
  5. ∗ P < 0.05
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Molecular Neurodegeneration

ISSN: 1750-1326