Fig. 4

IMS-088 treatment reduced microglial and astrocyte activation in mutant hTDP-43 mice. a Representative immunostaining showing microglial cells in the cortex and hippocampal region of the hTDP-43 mutant mouse brains from the vehicle and IMS-088 treated groups. Graph presents quantification of % area covered by the iba1+ cells, using multiple sections from n = 3–4 mice, unpaired t-test; * p < 0.05. b Representative immunostaining of CD-68 + (red) and Iba1 (green) co-staining in vehicle and IMS-088 treated groups. c Representative image showing astrocytes in the hippocampal region of the hTDP-43 mutant mouse brains from the vehicle and IMS-088 treated groups. d Representing immunoblot and quantification of GFAP and total TDP-43 protein levels in the different treatment groups (n = 3–4). Graph represents the relative density of GFAP and total TDP-43 in the brain of vehicle and IMS-088 treated mice, unpaired t-test; ** p < 0.01