Fig. 2

Increased gliosis and astrocytosis as a result of Il6 and Il10 overexpression combined with mAB5 immunotherapy. a Up-regulation of activated glia was determined by IBA1 immunoreactivity in hippocampal (top panels) and higher magnification sections of cortex (bottom panels) of Il6, Il10 and EGFP injected TgCRND8 mice immunized with anti-Aβ mAb5 or mouse IgG. Abundant activated microglia are present in Il6-injected mice compared with EGFP-expressing control mice, and even more so in Il10 injected mice. mAb5 immunization had no significant effect on amount of activated microglia. Scale bars = 150 μm (top); 45 μm (bottom). b Activated astrocytes in the cortex of Il6, Il10 and EGFP injected TgCRND8 mice immunized with anti-Aβ mAb5 or mouse IgG were detected by immuno staining of paraffin sections with rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP antibody. Representative hippocampal sections (top panels) along with cortical sections (bottom panels) show a robust increase in the number of GFAP-positive neurons following Il6 expression. Scale bars = 150 μm. c, d Quantitative burden analysis of GFAP and IBA1 -positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus shows significant increase in Il6 and Il10 cohorts. The immunostaining was quantified from three sections from each mouse brain using Aperio imaging algorithms. Empty circles represent male mice, full symbols – females. n = 6, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, one-way Anova multiple comparison test