Fig. 5

The brain lesion patterns of other neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. The degree of damage to different regions varies with different symptoms, while the anterior cingulate cortex (black box) is an area of common damage for all symptoms and is the most common damaged area for agitation, irritability, disinhibition, and eating disturbances. In addition, delusions are closely associated with damage to the orbitofrontal and superior temporal lobes, followed by the occipital and other areas of the frontotemporal lobes. Hallucinations are associated with damage to the left superior frontal lobe, followed by the occipital, parietal, and dorsolateral prefrontal lobes. Agitation is associated with damage to the posterior cingulate gyrus, followed by the middle cingulate gyrus and insula. Irritability is closely associated with damage to the right insula. Disinhibition is also closely associated with damage to the insula and the middle frontal lobe, cingulate other regions. Aberrant motor behaviour and eating disturbances mainly affect the orbitofrontal area, and sleep disturbances are also associated with the right middle frontal gyrus and hypothalamus