Source | Participants (Number) | Findings |
---|---|---|
Senanarong, 2005 [29] | AD (N = 73) | Clock-drawing test correlated with agitation, apathy, and disinhibition; Verbal Fluency correlated with agitation; Activities of Daily Living and Functional Assessment Questionnaire scores correlated with agitation, apathy, and disinhibition; Comportment predicted total NPI-12 score and apathy; Memory predicted agitation/aggression. |
McPHERSON, 2002 [36] | AD (N = 80) | AD patients with apathy performed significantly worse on tests of executive function (WAIS–R Digit Symbol, Trail-Making, Stroop Color Interference Test) than AD patients without apathy. |
Grossi, 2013 [37] | AD (N = 32) | The apathetic AD had poorer performance than non-apathetic AD on frontal tasks (Inverse Motor Learning test). |
Jeste, 1992 [31] | AD (N = 107) | Patients with delusions were significantly more impaired than those without delusions on the MMSE, Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test, Dementia Rating Scale (especially its conceptualization and memory subtests), verbal fluency, modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Similarities subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised. |
Son, 2013 [40] | AD (N = 49) | Seventeen AD patients with depression versus 32 patients with dementia only showed decreased immediate recall for a word list and constructional praxis scores. |
Scarmeas, 2005 [42] | Early AD (N = 456) | Delusions and hallucinations predict cognitive (Columbia MMSE score) and functional (Blessed Dementia Rating Scale score) decline. |
Boyle, 2003 [43] | AD (N = 45) | Apathy correlated with Activities of Daily Living. |
Chen, 1998 [35] | AD (N = 31) | Deficits in four executive skills tests were significantly associated with the Agitation/Disinhibition factor score and total neuropsychiatric score on the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, as well as the Activities subscore on the Blessed Dementia Scale. |
Sultzer, 2014 [34] | AD (N = 88) | Patients with delusions had lower Dementia Rating Scale memory subscale scores. |
Westerberg, 2010 [41] | aMCI (N = 10) | Inadequate memory consolidation in aMCI patients is related to declines in subjective sleep indices. |
Rozum, 2017 [32] | Severe dementia (N = 89) | Comportment (Social Behavior) was correlated with Apathy, while conceptualization (Sorting by Color), language (Naming, Comprehension), memory (Remote Recall, Learning), and visuospatial ability (Figure Tracing, Drawing) were each correlated with agitation/aggression. Comportment and memory were associated with total NPI-12. |
Nagata, 2010 [44] | AD (N = 75) | Aberrant motor behaviors correlated with Frontal Assessment Battery total and the subtest scores (lexical fluency, conflicting instructions). |
Wilson, 2000 [33] | AD (N = 410) | Compared with AD patients without hallucination, the average annual rate of decline was increased about memory, visuoconstruction, repetition, and naming in those with hallucination. |
Lopez, 1991 [28] | AD (N = 17) | AD patients with delusions and hallucinations had a more rapid rate of decline, as measured by the MMSE, a specific defect in receptive language, and a greater frequency of aggression and hostility. |
Nakaaki, 2008 [38] | AD (N = 88) | Total Frontal Assessment Battery scores differed significantly between the AD patients with depression/apathy and those without depression/apathy. |
Onofrio, 2012 [30] | AD (N = 166) | A significant association was also found between the impairment of the instrumental activities of daily living and agitation/aggression, anxiety, aberrant motor activity, depression, apathy, irritability/lability, sleep and eating disturbances in AD. |