Fig. 4

Distribution pattern of TDP-43 pathology in AD. (Upper panel) Illustration of TDP-43 stage in AD. An anterior coronal section depicts TDP-43 pathology progression from the amygdala (Stage 1), into the subiculum and entorhinal cortex (Stage 2), and then leads into the occipitotemporal cortex and dentate gyrus (Stage 3) of the hippocampus, followed by the insular cortex and the inferior temporal cortex (Stage 4). After progressing into the substantia nigra (Stage 5), the pathology reaches its final stage at the basal ganglia (putamen and globus pallidus) and middle frontal cortex (Stage 6). (Lower panel) Immunohistochemistry with an anti-phosphorylated-TDP-43 antibody shows representative images of TDP-43 pathology in different brain regions of each stage. Stage 1, amygdala; Stage 2, entorhinal cortex; Stage 3, dentate gyrus; Stage 4, inferior temporal gyrus; Stage 5, substantia nigra; Stage 6, middle frontal gyrus. Scale bar = 50 μm