Fig. 1

IAPP deposits in the brain of AD patients. a Representative images of IAPP deposition in the hippocampal sections of AD patients and age-matched controls. b Quantification of the percentage of IAPP-positive cells. Scale bars, 50 μm. Bars represent means ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t-test. n = 10 slides from 10 AD patients and 10 slides from 10 control subjects. ***P < 0.001. c Western bolt assay detects the presence of IAPP in the formic acid fraction from AD brains. n = 3 AD patients and 3 controls. d Concentrations of IAPP in the CSF of AD patients (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 22). Bars represent means ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001. e Co-immunostainings of IAPP and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in brain sections of AD patients. n = 10 AD patients and 10 controls. Scale bars, 20 μm. f Co-immunoprecipitation showing the interaction between IAPP and p-tau in AD human brains. n = 3 AD patients and 3 controls. g RT-PCR analysis found no IAPP mRNA expression in both AD and control brains. n = 4 AD patients and 4 controls. (h, i) Uptake of intravenously injected pure IAPP PFFs by neurons (g) and microglia (h) in tau P301S mice. Scale bars, 20 μm