Fig. 3

Therapeutic potential of putative microbiota-based interventions. AD is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis characterised by increased pro-inflammatory (red microorganisms) and decreased anti-inflammatory (green microorganisms) phyla and altered microbial metabolites amounts. Although significant differences exist according to the geographical and ethnical factors, an increase in Bacteroidetes and decrease in Firmicutes (pro- and anti-inflammatory phyla, respectively) have been reported in AD patients by most studies (see AD and gut dysbiosis: link with neuroinflammation and involvement of microglia). Prebiotics (non-digestible fiber components of the food) have the capacity to stimulate the growth of microbiota with beneficial actions, such as, for example, SCFA-producing microorganisms. Probiotics are live microorganisms (single strain or multi-strain cocktails) providing beneficial effects to the host as for instance, F. prausnitzii. Postbiotics are metabolites produced by microbiota, such, as for example, SCFA. FMT consists of transferring fecal matter from a healthy donor to restore microbiota composition and function of patient. All these approaches could represent protective therapeutic strategies to prevent the shift towards detrimental peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration and thereby, slow disease progression (for details, see Restoring AD-associated neuronal function by targeting microbiota?). Created with Biorender.com.