Fig. 1

Criteria for a categorical diagnosis of Multiple system atrophy with supportive clinical features as set out by the Movement Disorder Society [23]. A diagnosis of Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is defined by four categories – possible prodromal, clinically probable, clinically established and neuropathologically established. Possible prodromal, clinically probable, and clinically established MSA is characterized by the presentation of autonomic, parkinsonian or cerebellar features. Supporting clinical motor and non-motor features aid in determining a clinical diagnosis. Neuropathologically established MSA can only be determined by identifying glial cytoplasmic inclusions during post-mortem analysis of patient brain tissue. Information adapted from Wenning et al., 2022 [23]