Table 1 Nonpharmacological effects on glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic function in animal models of AD
Ref | Intervention | Animal model | Glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic effects | Neurophysiological outcomes | Brain Structures | Behavioral outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ren et al. (2017) [24] | ↑ PUFAs (Fat-1 mice or fish oil supplementation) | Aβ (i.c.v.) | ↑ CSF influx ↑ ISF solute clearance | ↓ Aβ deposition ↓ Neuronal loss | Hippocampus | ↑ Learning and memory |
Zinchenko et al. (2019) [27] | tPBM | Aβ (i.c.v.) | ↑ CSF drainage into dcLNs | ↓ Aβ deposition | Hippocampus and cortex | Not investigated |
Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya et al. (2021) [28] | tPBM | Aβ (i.c.v.) | ↑ CSF drainage into dcLNs | ↓ Aβ deposition | Not specified | ↑ Learning and memory |
Lee et al. (2020) [26] | FUS-MB | 5xFAD mice | ↑ CSF drainage into dcLNs | ↓ Aβ deposition ↓ Gliosis | Entorhinal cortex and hippocampus | Not investigated |
Lin et al. (2021) [114] | TMS | 5xFAD mice | ↑ CSF influx ↑ CSF drainage into dcLNs | ↓ Aβ deposition ↓ Gliosis ↑ Neuronal activation | mPFC and hippocampus | ↑ Learning and memory |
Liang et al. (2021) [115] | Electroacupuncture | SAMP8 mice | ↑ Polarized AQP4 ↑ CSF influx | ↓ Neuronal loss ↓ Aβ deposition | Hippocampus and cortex | ↑ Learning and memory |
Lyu et al. (2021) [116] | Yi-Zhi-Fang-Dai | Stroke (ischemia–reperfusion) | ↑ Polarized AQP4 | ↓ Aβ deposition | Hippocampus and cortex | Not investigated |
Zhang et al. (2021) [25] | NBP | APP/PS1 mice | ↑ Polarized AQP4 | ↓ Aβ deposition | Hippocampus and cortex | ↑ Learning and memory |
Zheng et al. (2021) [117] | Xueshuantong | APP/PS1 mice | ↑ Meningeal lymphatics morphology ↔ AQP4 Expression | ↓ Aβ deposition ↓ Inflammation | Meninges | Not investigated |