Fig. 1

Neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease and associated co-pathologies. a The neuropathological hallmarks of PD are shown in the three sub-panels. From left to right: a normal substantia nigra without any PD features; substantia nigra tissue from a PD patient with Lewy bodies (arrows) and pigmented/dopaminergic neuron loss; an immunohistochemical stain against αSyn (clone 42) from the same PD patient demonstrating intraneuronal Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Note that melanin pigment and DAB stain are not easy to distinguish. Scale bar = 50 μm. b Immunohistochemically stained sections of the amygdala from a patient suffering from mixed-type dementia that presented clinically as PD. The amygdala is a region commonly affected by co-pathologies. From left to right: An antibody against phosphorylated tau protein (clone AT8) demonstrates neurofibrillary tangles; immunohistochemistry against amyloid beta (clone 4G8) highlights diffuse and cored amyloid beta plaques; the clone 42 against αSyn marks Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and a few axonal spheroids. Scale bar = 100 μm