Articles

Glymphatic distribution of CSF-derived apoE into brain is isoform specific and suppressed during sleep deprivation

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major carrier of cholesterol and essential for synaptic plasticity. In brain, it’s expressed by many cells but highly expressed by the choroid plexus and the predominant apolipopro...

Authors: Thiyagaragan M. Achariyar, Baoman Li, Weiguo Peng, Philip B. Verghese, Yang Shi, Evan McConnell, Abdellatif Benraiss, Tristan Kasper, Wei Song, Takahiro Takano, David M. Holtzman, Maiken Nedergaard and Rashid Deane

LRRK2 at the interface of autophagosomes, endosomes and lysosomes

Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in identifying the underlying genetics of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Of the known genes, LRRK2 is a major genetic contributor to PD. However, the exact...

Authors: Dorien A. Roosen and Mark R. Cookson

Expression and processing analyses of wild type and p.R47H TREM2 variant in Alzheimer’s disease brains

Genetic analyses showed that the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) p.R47H variant increases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The question of whether the p.R47H mutation affects exp...

Authors: Li Ma, Mariet Allen, Nobutaka Sakae, Nilufer Ertekin-Taner, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Dennis W. Dickson, Steven G. Younkin and Daniel Sevlever

Chronic adiponectin deficiency leads to Alzheimer’s disease-like cognitive impairments and pathologies through AMPK inactivation and cerebral insulin resistance in aged mice

Insulin resistance is the major pathogenesis underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and these patients have doubled risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasing evidence suggests that insulin resistance pl...

Authors: Roy Chun-Laam Ng, On-Yin Cheng, Min Jian, Jason Shing-Cheong Kwan, Philip Wing-Lok Ho, Kenneth King-Yip Cheng, Patrick Ka Kit Yeung, Lena Lei Zhou, Ruby Lai-Chong Hoo, Sookja Kim Chung, Aimin Xu, Karen Siu-Ling. Lam and Koon Ho Chan

Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson’s disease

The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an...

Authors: Ashutosh Kumar, Douglas Ganini and Ronald P. Mason

Progranulin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and reinnervation: role of notch signaling

Peripheral nerve injury is a frequent cause of lasting motor deficits and chronic pain. Although peripheral nerves are capable of regrowth they often fail to re-innervate target tissues.

Authors: Christine Altmann, Verica Vasic, Stefanie Hardt, Juliana Heidler, Annett Häussler, Ilka Wittig, Mirko H. H. Schmidt and Irmgard Tegeder

Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage

Neurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is compos...

Authors: Harun Najib Noristani, Jean Charles Sabourin, Hassan Boukhaddaoui, Emilie Chan-Seng, Yannick Nicolas Gerber and Florence Evelyne Perrin

Seizure protein 6 and its homolog seizure 6-like protein are physiological substrates of BACE1 in neurons

The protease BACE1 (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme) is a major drug target in Alzheimer’s disease. However, BACE1 therapeutic inhibition may cause unwanted adverse effects due to its additional functions in the...

Authors: Martina Pigoni, Johanna Wanngren, Peer-Hendrik Kuhn, Kathryn M. Munro, Jenny M. Gunnersen, Hiroshi Takeshima, Regina Feederle, Iryna Voytyuk, Bart De Strooper, Mikail D. Levasseur, Brian J. Hrupka, Stephan A. Müller and Stefan F. Lichtenthaler

Cerebrospinal fluid Presenilin-1 increases at asymptomatic stage in genetically determined Alzheimer’s disease

Presenilin-1 (PS1), the active component of the intramembrane γ-secretase complex, can be detected as soluble heteromeric aggregates in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to examine the diffe...

Authors: Aitana Sogorb-Esteve, María-Salud García-Ayllón, Juan Fortea, Raquel Sánchez-Valle, Alberto Lleó, José-Luis Molinuevo and Javier Sáez-Valero

No diurnal variation of classical and candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have gained increasing importance in the diagnostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The core CSF biomarkers related to AD pathology (Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau) are current...

Authors: Claudia Cicognola, Davide Chiasserini, Paolo Eusebi, Ulf Andreasson, Hugo Vanderstichele, Henrik Zetterberg, Lucilla Parnetti and Kaj Blennow

Deimmunization for gene therapy: host matching of synthetic zinc finger constructs enables long-term mutant Huntingtin repression in mice

Synthetic zinc finger (ZF) proteins can be targeted to desired DNA sequences and are useful tools for gene therapy. We recently developed a ZF transcription repressor (ZF-KOX1) able to bind to expanded DNA CAG...

Authors: Carmen Agustín-Pavón, Michal Mielcarek, Mireia Garriga-Canut and Mark Isalan

A Christianson syndrome-linked deletion mutation (∆²⁸⁷ES²⁸⁸) in SLC9A6 disrupts recycling endosomal function and elicits neurodegeneration and cell death

Christianson Syndrome, a recently identified X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder, is caused by mutations in the human gene SLC9A6 encoding the recycling endosomal alkali cation/proton exchanger NHE6. The pati...

Authors: Alina Ilie, Andy Y. L. Gao, Jonathan Reid, Annie Boucher, Cassandra McEwan, Hervé Barrière, Gergely L. Lukacs, R. Anne McKinney and John Orlowski

Affinity of Tau antibodies for solubilized pathological Tau species but not their immunogen or insoluble Tau aggregates predicts in vivo and ex vivo efficacy

A few tau immunotherapies are now in clinical trials with several more likely to be initiated in the near future. A priori, it can be anticipated that an antibody which broadly recognizes various pathological ...

Authors: Erin E. Congdon, Yan Lin, Hameetha B. Rajamohamedsait, Dov B. Shamir, Senthilkumar Krishnaswamy, Wajitha J. Rajamohamedsait, Suhail Rasool, Veronica Gonzalez, Josien Levenga, Jiaping Gu, Charles Hoeffer and Einar M. Sigurdsson

A novel multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of total and S129 phosphorylated human alpha-synuclein

Alpha-synuclein (asyn) has been shown to play an important role in the neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the diseased brain, classic intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies contain abnormal fo...

Authors: Natalie Landeck, Hélène Hall, Mustafa T. Ardah, Nour K. Majbour, Omar M. A. El-Agnaf, Glenda Halliday and Deniz Kirik

The impact of glutamine supplementation on the symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia: a preclinical assessment

Our previous studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggested that glutamine broadly improves cellular readiness to respond to stress and acts as a neuroprotectant both in vitro and in AD mouse models. We now exp...

Authors: Jianmin Chen, Yanping Chen, Graham Vail, Heiman Chow, Yang Zhang, Lauren Louie, Jiali Li, Ronald P. Hart, Mark R. Plummer and Karl Herrup

Predominant expression of Alzheimer’s disease-associated BIN1 in mature oligodendrocytes and localization to white matter tracts

Genome-wide association studies have identified BIN1 within the second most significant susceptibility locus in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BIN1 undergoes complex alternative splicing to generate multipl...

Authors: Pierre De Rossi, Virginie Buggia-Prévot, Benjamin L. L. Clayton, Jared B. Vasquez, Carson van Sanford, Robert J. Andrew, Ruben Lesnick, Alexandra Botté, Carole Deyts, Someya Salem, Eshaan Rao, Richard C. Rice, Angèle Parent, Satyabrata Kar, Brian Popko, Peter Pytel…

Lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of mutant ataxin-7 recapitulates SCA7 pathology and promotes accumulation of the FUS/TLS and MBNL1 RNA-binding proteins

We used lentiviral vectors (LVs) to generate a new SCA7 animal model overexpressing a truncated mutant ataxin-7 (MUT ATXN7) fragment in the mouse cerebellum, in order to characterize the specific neuropatholog...

Authors: Sandro Alves, Thibaut Marais, Maria-Grazia Biferi, Denis Furling, Martina Marinello, Khalid El Hachimi, Nathalie Cartier, Merle Ruberg, Giovanni Stevanin, Alexis Brice, Martine Barkats and Annie Sittler

Erratum to: Transmission of α-synucleinopathy from olfactory structures deep into the temporal lobe

Authors: Daniel M. Mason, Negin Nouraei, Deepti B. Pant, Kristin M. Miner, Daniel F. Hutchison, Kelvin C. Luk, John F. Stolz and Rehana K. Leak

ZNStress: a high-throughput drug screening protocol for identification of compounds modulating neuronal stress in the transgenic mutant sod1G93R zebrafish model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal neurodegenerative disease with death on average within 2–3 years of symptom onset. Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been identified to cause ALS. ...

Authors: Alexander McGown, Dame Pamela J. Shaw and Tennore Ramesh

miR-27a and miR-27b regulate autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria by targeting PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)

Loss-of-function mutations in PINK1 and PARKIN are the most common causes of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD). PINK1 is a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in mitophagy,...

Authors: Jaekwang Kim, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Krystal C. Belmonte, Roman Hudec, Wang-Xia Wang, Chaeyoung Kim, Peter T. Nelson, Wolfdieter Springer and Jungsu Kim

IKKβ-mediated inflammatory myeloid cell activation exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by potentiating Th1/Th17 cell activation and compromising blood brain barrier

The inflammatory myeloid cell activation is one of the hallmarks of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), yet the in vivo role of the inflammatory myeloid cell activation in EAE has not been clearly...

Authors: Min Jung Lee, So Jin Bing, Jonghee Choi, Minhee Jang, Gihyun Lee, Hyunkyoung Lee, Byung Soo Chang, Youngheun Jee, Sung Joong Lee and Ik-Hyun Cho

Activation of Wnt signaling promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as one of its animal models, is characterized by demyelination and neuronal damage in white and gray matter s...

Authors: Reiner Schneider, Barbara Koop, Friederike Schröter, Jason Cline, Jens Ingwersen, Carsten Berndt, Hans-Peter Hartung, Orhan Aktas and Tim Prozorovski

Pim1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, AD is characterized by impairments of memory and cognitive functions. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofi...

Authors: Ramon Velazquez, Darren M. Shaw, Antonella Caccamo and Salvatore Oddo

Early-life stress leads to impaired spatial learning and memory in middle-aged ApoE4-TR mice

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a major lipid carrier that supports lipid transport and injury repair in the brain. The APOE ε4 allele is associated with depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia; howev...

Authors: Lan-yan Lin, Jing Zhang, Xiao-man Dai, Nai-an Xiao, Xi-lin Wu, Zhen Wei, Wen-ting Fang, Yuan-gui Zhu and Xiao-chun Chen

Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair: emerging therapeutic modality for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable and debilitating chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. AD is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder, his...

Authors: Syed Faraz Kazim and Khalid Iqbal

Transmission of α-synucleinopathy from olfactory structures deep into the temporal lobe

α-synucleinopathy emerges quite early in olfactory structures such as the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus (OB/AON) in Parkinson's disease. This may contribute to smell impairments years before th...

Authors: Daniel M. Mason, Negin Nouraei, Deepti B. Pant, Kristin M. Miner, Daniel F. Hutchison, Kelvin C. Luk, John F. Stolz and Rehana K. Leak

Immunotherapy targeting pyroglutamate-3 Aβ: prospects and challenges

Immunization against amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has shown considerable therapeutic effect in animal models however, the translation into human Alzheimer’s patients is challen...

Authors: Holger Cynis, Jeffrey L. Frost, Helen Crehan and Cynthia A. Lemere

Acetylated tau destabilizes the cytoskeleton in the axon initial segment and is mislocalized to the somatodendritic compartment

Neurons are highly polarized cells in which asymmetric axonal-dendritic distribution of proteins is crucial for neuronal function. Loss of polarized distribution of the axonal protein tau is an early sign of A...

Authors: Peter Dongmin Sohn, Tara E. Tracy, Hye-In Son, Yungui Zhou, Renata E. P. Leite, Bruce L. Miller, William W. Seeley, Lea T. Grinberg and Li Gan

Trehalose upregulates progranulin expression in human and mouse models of GRN haploinsufficiency: a novel therapeutic lead to treat frontotemporal dementia

Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted growth factor important for neuronal survival and may do so, in part, by regulating lysosome homeostasis. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) are a common cause of frontotemporal lob...

Authors: Christopher J. Holler, Georgia Taylor, Zachary T. McEachin, Qiudong Deng, William J. Watkins, Kathryn Hudson, Charles A. Easley, William T. Hu, Chadwick M. Hales, Wilfried Rossoll, Gary J. Bassell and Thomas Kukar

Redundant G_s-coupled serotonin receptors regulate amyloid-β metabolism in vivo

The aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into insoluble plaques is a hallmark pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous work has shown increasing serotonin levels with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (S...

Authors: Jonathan R. Fisher, Clare E. Wallace, Danielle L. Tripoli, Yvette I. Sheline and John R. Cirrito

Synaptophysin depletion and intraneuronal Aβ in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from huAPP transgenic mice

To date, there are no effective disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to develop new therapeutics for stages where they are most likely to be effective, it is important to identif...

Authors: Claire S. Harwell and Michael P. Coleman

Stathmin 1/2-triggered microtubule loss mediates Golgi fragmentation in mutant SOD1 motor neurons

Pathological Golgi fragmentation represents a constant pre-clinical feature of many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but its molecular mechanisms remain hitherto unclear.

Authors: Sarah Bellouze, Gilbert Baillat, Dorothée Buttigieg, Pierre de la Grange, Catherine Rabouille and Georg Haase

Erratum to: Network-driven plasma proteomics expose molecular changes in the Alzheimer’s brain

Authors: Philipp A. Jaeger, Kurt M. Lucin, Markus Britschgi, Badri Vardarajan, Ruo-Pan Huang, Elizabeth D. Kirby, Rachelle Abbey, Bradley F. Boeve, Adam L. Boxer, Lindsay A. Farrer, NiCole Finch, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Elizabeth Head, Matan Hofree, Ruochun Huang, Hudson Johns…

Enrichment of extracellular vesicles from tissues of the central nervous system by PROSPR

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as key mediators of intercellular communication and are secreted and taken up by all cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). While detailed study of EV-based signaling ...

Authors: Xavier Gallart-Palau, Aida Serra and Siu Kwan Sze

Erratum to: A multifunctional therapeutic approach to disease modification in multiple familial mouse models and a novel sporadic model of Alzheimer’s disease

Authors: Jia Luo, Sue H. Lee, Lawren VandeVrede, Zhihui Qin, Manel Ben Aissa, John Larson, Andrew F. Teich, Ottavio Arancio, Yohan D’Souza, Ahmed Elharram, Kevin Koster, Leon M. Tai, Mary Jo LaDu, Brian M. Bennett and Gregory R. J. Thatcher

Induced pluripotent stem cells in Alzheimer’s disease: applications for disease modeling and cell-replacement therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in those over the age of 65. While a numerous of disease-causing genes and risk factors have been identified, the exact etiological mechanisms of A...

Authors: Juan Yang, Song Li, Xi-Biao He, Cheng Cheng and Weidong Le

Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons

Despite the clear physical association between activated astrocytes and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, the importance of astrocytes and their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease remain elusive. Soluble Aβ ag...

Authors: Sofia Söllvander, Elisabeth Nikitidou, Robin Brolin, Linda Söderberg, Dag Sehlin, Lars Lannfelt and Anna Erlandsson

Apolipoprotein E lipoprotein particles inhibit amyloid-β uptake through cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycan

The accumulation, aggregation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain are central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Alzheimer’s disease risk increases significantly in individuals...

Authors: Yuan Fu, Jing Zhao, Yuka Atagi, Henrietta M. Nielsen, Chia-Chen Liu, Honghua Zheng, Mitsuru Shinohara, Takahisa Kanekiyo and Guojun Bu

Targeting TDP-43 phosphorylation by Casein Kinase-1δ inhibitors: a novel strategy for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia

Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are the most common cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP). TDP-43 pathology is characterized by the hyperphosphorylation of the prote...

Authors: Carolina Alquezar, Irene G. Salado, Ana de la Encarnación, Daniel I. Pérez, Fermín Moreno, Carmen Gil, Adolfo López de Munain, Ana Martínez and Ángeles Martín-Requero

A multifunctional therapeutic approach to disease modification in multiple familial mouse models and a novel sporadic model of Alzheimer’s disease

Clinical failures singularly targeting amyloid-β pathology indicate a critical need for alternative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapeutic strategies. The mixed pathology reported in a large population of AD pat...

Authors: Jia Luo, Sue H. Lee, Lawren VandeVrede, Zhihui Qin, Manel Ben Aissa, John Larson, Andrew F. Teich, Ottavio Arancio, Yohan D’Souza, Ahmed Elharram, Kevin Koster, Leon M. Tai, Mary Jo LaDu, Brian M. Bennett and Gregory R. J. Thatcher

Ex vivo imaging of active caspase 3 by a FRET-based molecular probe demonstrates the cellular dynamics and localization of the protease in cerebellar granule cells and its regulation by the apoptosis-inhibiting protein survivin

Apoptosis takes place in naturally occurring neuronal death, but also in aging, neurodegenerative disorders, and traumatic brain injuries. Caspase 3 (Casp3) is the most important effector protease in apoptosis...

Authors: Laura Lossi, Carolina Cocito, Silvia Alasia and Adalberto Merighi

Tau mutant A152T, a risk factor for FTD/PSP, induces neuronal dysfunction and reduced lifespan independently of aggregation in a C. elegans Tauopathy model

A certain number of mutations in the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau (MAPT) gene have been identified in individuals with high risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases, collectively called tauopathies. The m...

Authors: Ghulam Jeelani Pir, Bikash Choudhary, Eckhard Mandelkow and Eva-Maria Mandelkow

A seeding based cellular assay of tauopathy

Tauopathy is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles composed of insoluble hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Currently, cellular models that mimic neurofibrillary tangles in vitro are lacking. Previous studies...

Authors: Yin Xu, Heidi Martini-Stoica and Hui Zheng

Network-driven plasma proteomics expose molecular changes in the Alzheimer’s brain

Biological pathways that significantly contribute to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease are largely unknown and cannot be observed directly. Cognitive symptoms appear only decades after the molecular disease onset, ...

Authors: Philipp A. Jaeger, Kurt M. Lucin, Markus Britschgi, Badri Vardarajan, Ruo-Pan Huang, Elizabeth D. Kirby, Rachelle Abbey, Bradley F. Boeve, Adam L. Boxer, Lindsay A. Farrer, NiCole Finch, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Elizabeth Head, Matan Hofree, Ruochun Huang, Hudson Johns…

In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects of cJun N-terminal kinase inhibitors on retinal ganglion cells

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in neuronal pathophysiology. Using JNK inhibitors, we examined involvement of the JNK pathway in cultured rat retinal ganglion cell (...

Authors: Byung-Jin Kim, Sean M. Silverman, Yang Liu, Robert J. Wordinger, Iok-Hou Pang and Abbot F. Clark

Resequencing analysis of five Mendelian genes and the top genes from genome-wide association studies in Parkinson’s Disease

Most sequencing studies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have focused on either a particular gene, primarily in familial and early onset PD samples, or on screening single variants in sporadic PD cases. To date, th...

Authors: Bruno A. Benitez, Albert A. Davis, Sheng Chih Jin, Laura Ibanez, Sara Ortega-Cubero, Pau Pastor, Jiyoon Choi, Breanna Cooper, Joel S. Perlmutter and Carlos Cruchaga

MicroRNA-7 targets Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome to modulate neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease

α-Synuclein (α-Syn), a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), has been recognized to induce the production of interleukin-1β in a process that depends, at least in vitro, on nod-like receptor prote...

Authors: Yan Zhou, Ming Lu, Ren-Hong Du, Chen Qiao, Chun-Yi Jiang, Ke-Zhong Zhang, Jian-Hua Ding and Gang Hu

Manifestation of Huntington’s disease pathology in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, which manifests itself as a loss of GABAergic medium spiny (GABA MS) neurons in the striatum and caused by an expansion of the C...

Authors: Evgeny D. Nekrasov, Vladimir A. Vigont, Sergey A. Klyushnikov, Olga S. Lebedeva, Ekaterina M. Vassina, Alexandra N. Bogomazova, Ilya V. Chestkov, Tatiana A. Semashko, Elena Kiseleva, Lyubov A. Suldina, Pavel A. Bobrovsky, Olga A. Zimina, Maria A. Ryazantseva, Anton Yu. Skopin, Sergey N. Illarioshkin, Elena V. Kaznacheyeva…

Inhibition of the classical pathway of the complement cascade prevents early dendritic and synaptic degeneration in glaucoma

Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease characterised by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons leading to a decrease in visual function. The earliest events that damage retinal ganglion cell...

Authors: Pete A. Williams, James R. Tribble, Keating W. Pepper, Stephen D. Cross, B Paul Morgan, James E. Morgan, Simon W. M. John and Gareth R. Howell

Pioglitazone ameliorates the phenotype of a novel Parkinson’s disease mouse model by reducing neuroinflammation

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The cause of the motor symptoms is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra with...

Authors: Milena Pinto, Nadee Nissanka, Susana Peralta, Roberta Brambilla, Francisca Diaz and Carlos T. Moraes