Disease | Proteins | Length | Prospective most toxic species | Dominant aggregation mechanism | In vitro amyloid structure | Ex vivo amyloid structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Amyloid-β (Aβ) Tau (3R + 4R) | 40 or 42 352–441 | Secondary nucleation [23] | Aβ40 [24] Aβ42 [25] Tau [26] | Aβ42 [5] | |
Parkinson’s disease (PD) | ⍺-synuclein | 140 | Condition-dependent [34], including lipid-induced aggregation [35] | |||
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) | ⍺-synuclein | 140 | Not yet known, secondary pathways [46] | - | ||
PD dementia (PDD) | ⍺-synuclein | 140 | Not yet known, possibly oligomers [48] | - | - | [40] |
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | ⍺-synuclein | 140 | - | - | ||
Huntington’s disease (HD) | Huntingtin | variable | Possibly stochastic nucleation [55] | [56] | - | |
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | Tau (3R + 4R) | 352–441 | Not yet known | Not yet known, possibly secondary pathways [57] | [26] | [58] |
Pick’s disease (PiD) | Tau (3R) | 352–410 | Not yet known | Not yet known, possibly secondary pathways [59] | - | [60] |
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) | Tau (4R) | 383–441 | Not yet known | Not yet known, possibly secondary pathway [61] | - | [62] |
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) | Tau (4R) | 383–441 | Not yet known | - | - | [4] |
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) | Tau (4R) | 383–441 | Not yet known | Not yet known, possibly secondary pathways [63] | - | [4] |
Globular glial tauopathy (GGT) | Tau (4R) | 383–441 | Not yet known | Not yet known, possibly secondary pathways [64] | - | [4] |
Spongiform encephalopathies | Prion protein (PrP) | 208 | Fragmentation [68] | Mouse PrP RML prion [75] Scrapie [70] Bovine serum encephalopathy [76] | ||
Type II diabetes | Amylin (IAPP) | 37 | Secondary nucleation [79] | [82] | ||
Cataracts | Crystallins | 175 | - | - | - | |
AA amyloidosis | Serum amyloid A | 104 | Secondary pathways [87] | |||
Transthyretin amyloidosis | ATTRwt Val30Met ATTR | 127 | - | - | ||
Ig-related amyloidosis (AL) | Immunoglobulin light chain | Proteolytic fragments | Not yet known, seed-competent [96] | - |