Fig. 3From: Sleep restoration by optogenetic targeting of GABAergic neurons reprograms microglia and ameliorates pathological phenotypes in an Alzheimer’s disease modelEffect of chronic optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic neurons on amyloid plaque deposition in APP mice. (A and B) Experimental design. After AAV infusion and cannula installation, mice received 1-month of continuous optogenetic stimulation. Multiphoton imaging (B) was performed after treatment. (C) Representative multiphoton images of Methoxy-X04 positive amyloid plaques (Cyan) and blood vessels (Red) in APP mice in absence of stimulation (APP-mCherry-no opto), in presence of stimulation of mCherry (APP-mCherry-opto) and during stimulation of ChR2 (APP-ChR2-opto). (D) Amyloid plaque number across conditions. (E) Amyloid plaque size across conditions. (F) Amyloid plaque burden across conditions. (G) Representative images of 6E10, 82E1 and Methoxy-X04 positive amyloid plaques in cortex and hippocampus within postmortem sections. (H-J) 6E10 (H), 82E1 (I) and Methoxy-X04 (J) positive amyloid plaque burden across conditions. All data are expressed as means ± standard error. The number of mice examined: n = 6–7 mice/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. n.s. not significant. Scale bars: 50 μmBack to article page