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The role of DJ-1 in anti-apoptosis
Molecular Neurodegeneration volume 7, Article number: L16 (2012)
Background
DJ-1 is a protein in association with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cancers. DJ-1 has been reported to exhibit both cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution (Bonifati et al., Science, 2003; Nagakubo et al., BBRC, 1997). It functions in multiple pathways to affect cell survival. It suppresses the JNK signaling pathway in cytoplasma (Mo et al., Cell Death Differ, 2008) and interacts with Daxx and sequesters it within the nucleus, preventing the initiation of apoptotic signaling (Junn et al., PNAS, 2005). In contrast to its functions in cell survival, deletions or loss of function point mutations in DJ-1 are reported to be responsible for recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Bonifati et al., Science, 2003). The most commonly studied PD-associated mutant, L166P, is reported to be unstable and to mislocalize to the mitochondria, leading to a loss of the cytoplasmic function of DJ-1 (Bonifati et al., Science, 2003). Although lines of evidence suggest that a high expression of DJ-1 enhances cell survival and loss of DJ-1 function is associated with PD, the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood.
Results
In our studies, we show that DJ-1 functions in multiple ways to affect cell survival. It inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis by blocking Fas-associated protein death domain (FADD)-mediated pro-caspase-8 activation. Wild-type DJ-1, but not the PD-associated mutant L166P, binds to FADD to inhibit the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). DJ-1 competes with pro-caspase-8 to bind to FADD at the death effector domain (DED), thereby repressing the recruitment and activation of pro-caspase-8 to the active form of caspase-8, suggesting that DJ-1 protects against TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the regulation of DISC formation. DJ-1 and DJ-1(L166P) have potential roles in mitochondria. DJ-1(L166P) but not DJ-1 co-localizes with and interacts weakly with Bcl-XL, whereas both DJ-1 and DJ-1(L166P) increase in mitochondria in response to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and have increased binding to Bcl-XL. Moreover, DJ-1 but not DJ-1(L166P) stabilizes Bcl-XL by inhibiting its ubiquitination in response to UVB irradiation. Besides its role in cytoplasma, DJ-1 exerts its cytoprotection through inhibiting nuclear p53. DJ-1 interacts with p53 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of DJ-1 decreases the expression of Bax and inhibits caspase activation, while knockdown of DJ-1 increases Bax protein level, and accelerates caspase-3 activation and cell death induced by UV exposure. A sumoylation-deficient mutant of DJ-1, DJ-1(K130R), shifts from nucleus to cytoplasm and fails to repress p53 transcriptional activity on Bax promoter.
Conclusion
Our data provide evidence that DJ-1 plays important roles in anti-apoptosis by its function in multiple pathways.
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Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Ren, H., Fu, K., Fan, J. et al. The role of DJ-1 in anti-apoptosis. Mol Neurodegeneration 7 (Suppl 1), L16 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-7-S1-L16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-7-S1-L16