Fig. 5
From: Intranasal insulin reverts central pathology and cognitive impairment in diabetic mother offspring
Effect of insulin administration on P-Ak/total Akt and P-tau/total tau and ratios. a Cortical Akt phosphorylation was reduced in DMO at P1 (**p = 0.001 vs. control) and P7 (**p < 0.001 vs. control). At 10 weeks of age insulin administration slightly increased Akt phosphorylation although differences are not statistically significant (p = 0.066) (P1 Control n = 6 and SZT n = 4; P7 Control n = 6 and STZ n = 6; 10 weeks Control n = 6, Control + ICV-Ins n = 5, Control + IN-Ins n = 6, STZ n = 6, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 6 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 6). A similar profile was observed in the hippocampus at P1 (*p < 0.01 vs. control), P7 (*p = 0.035 vs. control) and 10 weeks (p = 0.390) (P1 n = 6 in all groups, P7 n = 5 in all groups, 10 weeks n = 6 in all groups). b Illustrative example of phospho-Akt, total Akt and β-actin westerns blots. c Phospho-Akt/total AKt ratios were significantly increased 4 h after insulin administration in regions located in the proximity of the administration site: the hippocampus and the striatum after ICV administration (cortex p = 0.092, hippocampus *p = 0.045 vs. Control, striatum **p < 0.01 vs. Control, olfactory bulb p = 0.148), and the olfactory bulb after IN administration (cortex p = 0.641, hippocampus p = 0.353, striatum p0.063, olfactory bulb p = 0.022). d Illustrative example of phospho-Akt, total Akt and β-actin westerns blots after IN and ICV insulin administration. e Cortical tau phosphorylation was increased in DMO at P1(**p = 0.003 vs. Control) and P7 (**p = 0.001 vs. Control). Insulin administration significantly reduced tau hyperphosporylation at 10 weeks of age (**p < 0.01 vs. rest of the groups) (P1 Control n = 6 and SZT n = 4; P7 Control n = 6 and STZ n = 6; 10 weeks Control n = 6, Control + ICV-Ins n = 6, Control + IN-Ins n = 6, STZ n = 6, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 5 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 6). A similar profile was observed in the hippocampus at P1 (**p = 0.007 vs. control), P7 (**p = 0.001 vs. control) and 10 weeks of age (**p < 0.01 vs. rest of the groups) (P1 Control n = 6 and SZT n = 4; P7 Control n = 6 and STZ n = 6; 10 weeks Control n = 6, Control + ICV-Ins n = 6, Control + IN-Ins n = 6, STZ n = 6, STZ + ICV-Ins n = 5 and STZ + IN-Ins n = 6). One-way ANOVA, followed by Tuckey b or Tamhane test, was used for statistical analysis. f Illustrative example of phospho-tau, total tau and β-actin westerns blots