Table 1 Clinical studies finding associations between metabolic diseases or risk factors and ALS/ FTLD risk or prognosis

Dyslipidemia

Increased survival in ALS by 12.5 months

N/A

Dupuis et al. [47] (n = 369 ALS, n = 286 controls)

Increased survival in ALS by 14 months

Dorst et al. [44] (n = 488 ALS)

Increased survival in ALS by 5.8 months

Huang et al. [70] (n = 413 ALS)

Delay in ALS onset by almost 6 years

Hollinger et al. [67] (n = 1439 ALS)

N/A

Increased survival in ALS confounded by BMI

Paganoni et al. [124] (n = 427 ALS)

Increased survival in ALS confounded by age and BMI

Rafiq et al. [140] (n = 512 ALS)

Increased survival in ALS not significant

Dedic et al. [35] (n = 82 ALS)

T2DM

Delay in ALS onset by 4 years

N/A

Jawaid et al. [75, 76] (n = 2371 ALS)

Decreased risk of ALS in non-insulin dependent T2DM

Mariosa et al. [105] (n = 5108 ALS, n = 25,540 controls)

Decreased prevalence of T2DM in ALS

Paganoni et al. [125]

Decreased prevalence of T2DM in ALS

Mitchell et al. [111] (n = 1288 ALS, n = 7561 controls)

Decreased risk of ALS in people with DM

D’Ovidio et al. [32] (n = 727,977)

N/A

No association between T2DM and ALS risk

Sun et al. [165] (n = 615,492 diabetics, n = 614,835 controls)

Increased mortality in ALS patients with high baseline HbA1c

Wei et al. [182]

(n = 450 ALS)

High BMI

Increase in BMI slowed functional decline in ALS

N/A

Jawaid et al. [75, 76] (n = 285 ALS)

High BMI slowed progression and decreased mortality in ALS

Gallo et al. [56] (n = 518,108 over-all)

Reich-Slotky et al. [141] (n = 150 ALS)

Cardiovascular diseases

Decreased risk of FTLD

N/A

Kalkonde et al. [80] (n = 63 FTD, n = 491 non-FTD dementias)