Fig. 2
From: Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances
Abnormal mitochondrial fusion and fission in AD. (Top) A family of large GTPases regulate balanced mitochondrial fusion (e.g. Mfn1/2, OPA1) and fission (DLP1). For mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial outer membrane proteins (e.g. Fis1, Mff and others) recruit cytosolic DLP1 protein to mitochondria that oligomerize and form a ring structure around fission site. (Bottom) Amyloid-β and other AD related insults cause neuronal calcium influx and increased ROS production that activate downstream proteases (calpain) and protein kinase that act on mitochondrial fission/fusion GTPases and disturb mitochondrial fusion and fission in AD