Fig. 7

Altered synchronization and coupling between OB and aPC in APP/PS1 mice. a Schematic diagram showing in vivo dual-site extracellular recordings in the OB and aPC. b-c Cross coherence of simultaneous LFPs in the OB and aPC indicating significantly decreased consistency between OB and aPC in both low-gamma and high-gamma bands in APP/PS1 mice (n = 11 for WT and 9 for APP/PS1; theta: p = 0.761; beta: p = 0.197; low gamma: p = 0.04; high gamma: p = 0.024, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). d Significantly shorter mean vector length of PSC in beta (p = 1.51 × 10^− 10) and high gamma (p = 0.034, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) phases, and significantly different distributions of phase differences showing decreased phase synchronization between OB and aPC. The resultant vector across animals is shown as blue arrows and values represent individual PSCs of identical frequency band. e Typical examples of instantaneous phases derived from OB theta oscillations and aPC gamma oscillations’ amplitude, which were used for cross frequency PAC calculation. f Dynamic changing curves of 1-s interval PAC in both genotypes. Note that APP/PS1 differed largely from WT in normalized units. g Quantification showing significantly decreased theta-gamma cross-band PAC between the OB and aPC in APP/PS1 mice (n = 15 epochs from 11 WT and 18 epochs from 9 APP/PS1, p = 0.016, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). h APP/PS1 displayed less strength of information flow than WT mice. Directionality confirmed PAC mainly from the OB to aPC with more positive values. Values represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05