Table 2 Physical exercise effects on glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic function
Ref | Exercise protocol | Animals | Glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic effects | Neurophysiological Outcomes | Brain Structures | Behavioral outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
He et al. (2017) [30] | Voluntary wheel running (6 weeks) | Old mice (7–8 months old) | ↑ Polarized AQP4 ↑ CSF influx ↑ ISF solute clearance ↑ CSF drainage into dcLNs | ↓ Reactive gliosis ↓ Aβ deposition ↑ Dendritic spines ↑ Synaptic proteins | Hippocampus and cortex | ↑ Learning and memory |
Liu et al. (2022) [32] | Voluntary wheel running (8 weeks) | 5 months APP/PS1 | ↑ Polarized AQP4 ↑ CSF influx | ↓ Aβ deposition ↑ BDNF ↑ Synaptic proteins ↓ Reactive gliosis ↓ Neuroinflammation | Forebrain | ↑ Learning and memory |
9 months APP/PS1 | ↔ Polarized AQP4 ↔ CSF influx | ↔ Aβ deposition ↔ BDNF ↔ Synaptic proteins ↔ Reactive gliosis ↔ Neuroinflammation | Forebrain | ↔ Learning and memory | ||
von Holstein-Rathlou et al. (2018) [31] | Voluntary wheel running (5 weeks) | Young adult mice (2 months old) | ↑ Awake CSF influx ↔ CSF influx during sleep ↔ ISF solute clearance ↔ Polarized AQP4 | ↔ Reactive gliosis | Hippocampus and cortex | Not investigated |