Table 1 Studies examining the association between multiple infection categories and Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, all-cause dementia
From: The role of peripheral inflammatory insults in Alzheimer’s disease: a review and research roadmap
Author, Year | Cohort/Patient Registry or Country (Total sample size) | Infection Type | Infection Diagnostic Method | Outcome (Follow-Up Years*) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sipila et al., 2021 [49] | Finnish multicohort (n = 260,490) UK Biobank (n = 485,708) | Bacterial Viral CNS (present/absent; frequency) | HDR | ACD, AD, VaD (primary cohort, 19; replication cohort, 4) | Any infection, infection frequency, viral, bacterial, CNS: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD |
Douros et al., 2021 [50] | CPRD (n = 4,262,092) | HSV1/2 Borrelia burgdorferi Porphyromonas gingivalis Escherichia coli Helicobacter pylori Chlamydophila pneumonia Candida albicans (present/absent; frequency) | EHR | AD (30) | Any infection, H. pylori: ↑AD HSV1/2: –AD B. burgdorferi: –AD P. gingivalis: –AD E. coli: –AD C. pneumonia: –AD C. albicans: –AD Frequency: –AD |
Bohn et al., 2023 [51] | ARIC study (n = 15,688) | Any Infection, respiratory, urinary tract, skin, blood/circulatory system, intestinal (present/absent) | HDR | ACD (32) | Any Infection, respiratory, urinary tract, skin, blood/circulatory system: ↑ACD Intestinal: –ACD |
Levine et al., 2023 [52] | FinnGenn (n = 344,189) UK Biobank (n = 106,066) | 73 different viruses (present/absent) | HER | ACD, AD, VaD (not reported) | Influenza: ↑ACD, ↑VaD Viral pneumonia, warts, encephalitis, ‘other’: ↑ACD Influenza + pneumonia: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD Viral intestinal: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD Meningitis, viral encephalitis: ↑AD VZV: ↑VaD |
Mawanda et al., 2016 [47] | Veterans Health Administration (n = 417,172) | Pneumonia Septicemia Bacteremia Urinary tract infections Cellulitis Septic arthritis Osteomyelitis (present/absent) | HER | ACD (12) | Any infection: ↑ACD Pneumonia: ↑ACD Septicemia: ↑ACD Bacteremia: ↑ACD Urinary tract infection: ↑ACD Cellulitis: ↑ACD Septic arthritis: –ACD Osteomyelitis: ↑ACD |
Muzambi et al., 2021 [53] | CPRD (n = 989,800) | Sepsis Pneumonia Other lower respiratory tract infections Urinary tract infections Skin/soft tissue infections (present/absent; frequency) | HER | ACD AD VaD Other dem. (15) | Any Infection: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem Frequency: ↑ACD Sepsis: ↑ACD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem Pneumonia: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem Other lower respiratory tract infections: ↑ACD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem Urinary tract infections: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem Skin/soft tissue infections: ↑ACD, ↑AD, ↑VaD, ↑Other dem |
Sun et al., 2022 [54] | NPR (n = 1,751,646) | Bacterial Viral CNS Respiratory Gastrointestinal Skin Urinary tract infections (present/absent) | EHR + HDR | AD (46) | Any infection: ↑AD Bacterial: ↑AD Viral: ↑AD CNS: ↑AD Respiratory: ↑AD Gastrointestinal: ↑AD Skin: ↑AD Urinary tract infections: ↑AD |
Mekli, et al., 2022 [55] | UK Biobank (n = 9,431) | 17 viruses (present/absent) | Serum IgGs | ACD (9) | HSV1: ↑ACD HSV1 + HHV6 + HHV7 + VZV: ↑ACD HSV2, EBV, VZV, CMV, HHV6, HHV7, HHV8, HBV, HTLV, BKV, JCV, HPV, MCV: –ACD |
Dunn et al., 2005 [43] | GPRD (n = 19,328) | Chest Genitourinary Skin Other (frequency) | EHR | ACD (10) | Frequency: ↑ACD |
Strandberg et al., 2003 [56] | Finland (n = 383) | HSV1 HSV2 CMV Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae (frequency) | Serum IgGs | MMSE (1) | Viral frequency: ↓MMSE Bacterial frequency: –MMSE |
Wright et al., 2015 [57] | NOMAS (n = 419) | HSV1 HSV2 CMV Chlamydia pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori (frequency) | Serum IgGs | Language, Memory, Executive function Processing speed (14) | Frequency: –Language, Frequency: ↓Memory Frequency: –Executive function Frequency: –Processing speed |