Fig. 6

Increased inflammatory signals in the colon MS tissue layer of > 12 M TG rats. a Fecal/serum calprotectin levels measured by ELISA in 2, 8 (fecal) and > 12 M (serum; s) WT and TG rats. b WT and TG (3 M and > 12 M old) rat colon MS tissue layer or gut epithelium subjected to RNA-seq. b, c IPA from TG and WT rats showed upregulation of several biological pathways in > 12 M TG rats. d The heatmap shows upregulation (yellow) and downregulation (red) genes in the gut MS tissue layer. TG rats have higher expression of various genes involved in inflammation compared with WT. e IPA analysis in > 12 M TG rats suggested that several inflammatory pathways were changed. (f) FACS plots show increase in numbers of CD4⁺ T cells, CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells (activated), CD⁺CD44⁺ T cells (memory) and CD4⁺ IFN-γ⁺ T cells were significantly higher in the blood of > 12 M TG rats compared with WT. Bar plots show the means ± SEM. P value significance represents *p ≤ 0.05