Fig. 7

Treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail leads to reduced gut microbiome load, α-Syn expression and succinate levels. a CFU measurement after broad-spectrum antibiotics treatment in WT and TG rats after equal amount of feces. b Amount of total DNA after antibiotic cocktail treatment in WT and TG rat fecal samples. c Antibiotic affected the bacterial phyla differentially for WT and TG rats. d F/B ratio was decreased after antibiotic treatment in WT and TG rats respectively, however, no significance difference was observed. e α-diversity measurement at genera level after antibiotics treatment for WT and TG rats. f β-diversity measurement (genera level) using Bray–Curtis method. Antibiotic treatments affect the clustering of intestinal bacteria. g Immunoblot image of α-Syn expression in ENS and olfactory bulb brain region from control and antibiotic treated TG rats and quantification of immunoblots are shown in violin plots. h Whole mount staining of MS tissue layer (longitudinal, circular and myenteric muscle layer) and expression of neuronal (Tuj) and α-Syn expression. i Heat-map presenting the RNA-seq data from control and antibiotics treated 3 M rats. j, k Succinate, tryptophan and tyrosine levels in the feces and serum from control and antibiotic treated WT and TG (3 M) rats. l Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with succinate treatment (100 µM) significantly increased the MCP1 levels. P value significance represents *p ≤ 0.05