Fig. 4

ATC161 ameliorates genotoxicity and mitotoxicity in α-syn pathology. A Immunocytochemistry in h-α-syn PFF-transduced HEK293A cells. ATC161 was treated at 0.1 μM for 48 h at 24 h transduction of PFFs. B Quantification of A (n = 5), the data are presented as the mean (SEM). P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^** P-value < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001. C Western blot in h-α-syn PFF-transduced HEK293A cells (48 h) administered with ATC161 (1 μM, 24 h). D Quantification of C (n = 3). Data are presented as the mean (SEM). P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^** P-value < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001. E MitoTracker Red analysis in SH-SY5Y α-syn A53T cells. The cells were subjected to rotenone treatment for 48 h followed by ATC161 treatment (0.1 μM, 24 h). F Quantification of E (n = 7). Data are presented as the mean (SEM) where relevant. P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^*** P < 0.001. G, MitoTracker Red analysis in wild-type SH-SY5Y cells. The cells were transduced with h-α-syn PFFs (48 h) and subsequently treated with ATC161 (0.1 μM, 24 h). H, quantification of G (n = 7). Data are presented as the mean (SEM). P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^** P-value < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001. I, transmission electron microscopy analysis in SH-SY5Y α-syn A53T cells transduced with h-α-syn PFF for 24 h prior to treatments. ATC161 (0.1 μM, 48 h) and HCQ (25 μM, 48 h) were treated in the presence of h-α-syn PFFs. Red arrows indicating mitochondria. Letter A in red represents autophagosomes. All the scale bars in this figure represent 10 μm otherwise indicated