Fig. 5

ATC161 is an oral PD drug. A Experimental scheme. 5 μg of ms-α-syn PFFs were unilaterally injected into the striatum via stereotaxic surgery, followed by the oral administration of ATC161 at 10 mg/kg for 16 weeks after 4 weeks of the surgery. B Immunohistochemistry for p-α-syn⁺ (S129) aggregates in the ms-α-syn PFF-injection site. Scale bars represent 100 μm and 25 μm (for enlarged), respectively. C Quantification of B (n = 3–4 mice per group). Data are presented as the mean (SEM) where relevant. P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^* P ≤ 0.05, ^** P < 0.01. D TH⁺ (tyrosine hydroxylase) fiber intensity in the striatum. The scale bar represents 1 mm. E Quantification of D (n = 3–4 mice per group). TH⁺ signal intensity in the PFF injection site (ipsilateral side) was normalized to that of its contralateral side. Data are presented as the mean (SEM) where relevant. P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^* P ≤ 0.05. F Immunohistochemistry for p-α-syn⁺ (S129) aggregates in the contralateral striatum. Scale bars represent 100 μm and 25 μm (for enlarged), respectively. G Quantification of F (n = 3–4 mice per group). Data are presented as the mean (SEM). P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^** P-value < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001. H Grip strength test examining fore- and hindlimb muscle force (n = 4–5). I Rotarod test examining motor coordination and balance (n = 4–5). Data in H and I are presented as the mean (SEM) where relevant. P-values (from two-sided unpaired t tests): ^* P ≤ 0.05, ^** P < 0.01