Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Observations, n

103,796

53,237

7,059

60,296

9,115

15,122

19,263

43,500

Unique participants, n

23,066

12,985

1,367

14,352

3,607

3,035

2,072

8,714

Mean age, years (SD)

 Overall

77.5 ± 8.9

75.7 ± 8.9

76.6 ± 7.4

75.8 ± 8.8

75.2 ± 9.6

79.3 ± 7.2

82.8 ± 7.6

80.0 ± 8.4

 First visit

73.1 ± 8.7

72.9 ± 9.0

73.9 ± 7.1

73.0 ± 8.8

69.1 ± 8.3

74.5 ± 6.5

78.8 ± 7.5

73.3 ± 8.4

 Last visit

78.2 ± 9.7

76.6 ± 9.3

77.6 ± 7.9

76.6 ± 9.2

75.3 ± 9.9

82.7 ± 7.7

87.8 ± 6.9

80.8 ± 9.9

Median age, years (IQR)

 Overall

78.0 (13.0)

76.0 (12.0)

76.7 (10.0)

76.0 (12.0)

75.0 (16.0)

79.0 (10.0)

83.2 (10.6)

80.4 (12.0)

 First visit

73.0 (12.3)

73.0 (12.0)

73.8 (9.8)

73.0 (12.0)

66.0 (11.5)

73.0 (10.0)

79.5 (10.6)

72.0 (14.0)

 Last visit

78.0 (14.3)

77.0 (13.0)

77.9 (11.4)

77.0 (13.0)

74.0 (16.0)

83.0 (11.0)

88.2 (9.0)

82.0 (15.6)

Sex, n (%)

 Male

10,198 (44.2)

5,856 (45.1)

766 (56.0)

6,622 (46.1)

1,620 (44.9)

1,331 (43.9)

625 (30.2)

3,576 (41.0)

 Female

12,868 (55.8)

7,129 (54.9)

601 (44.0)

7,730 (53.9)

1,987 (55.1)

1,704 (56.1)

1,447 (69.8)

5,138 (59.0)

Educational level, n (%)

 Under high school degree

974 (4.2)

302 (2.3)

41 (3.0)

343 (2.4)

305 (8.5)

240 (7.9)

86 (4.2)

631 (7.2)

 High school degree

3,988 (17.3)

1,958 (15.1)

160 (11.7)

2,118 (14.8)

927 (25.7)

620 (20.4)

323 (15.6)

1,870 (21.5)

 Some college

4,387 (19.0)

2,212 (17.0)

259 (18.9)

2,471 (17.2)

905 (25.1)

688 (22.7)

323 (15.6)

1,916 (22.0)

 Over college graduate

13,717 (59.5)

8,513 (65.6)

907 (66.3)

9,420 (65.6)

1,470 (40.8)

1,487 (49.0)

1,340 (64.7)

4,297 (49.3)

Executive function, mean (SD)

 Overall

0.197 ± 0.752

0.163 ± 0.827

0.318 ± 0.746

0.182 ± 0.819

-0.007 ± 0.688

0.189 ± 0.499

0.343 ± 0.698

0.217 ± 0.649

 First visit

0.157 ± 0.748

0.072 ± 0.842

0.377 ± 0.668

0.102 ± 0.832

0.167 ± 0.648

0.248 ± 0.454

0.380 ± 0.598

0.246 ± 0.581

 Last visit

-0.091 ± 0.894

-0.143 ± 0.977

0.096 ± 0.891

-0.119 ± 0.971

-0.043 ± 0.726

0.044 ± 0.677

-0.181 ± 0.865

-0.046 ± 0.751

Language, mean (SD)

 Overall

0.353 ± 0.808

0.472 ± 0.869

0.392 ± 0.700

0.463 ± 0.851

0.229 ± 0.662

0.166 ± 0.422

0.154 ± 0.805

0.173 ± 0.695

 First visit

0.360 ± 0.739

0.392 ± 0.843

0.467 ± 0.610

0.399 ± 0.824

0.360 ± 0.626

0.239 ± 0.366

0.247 ± 0.625

0.291 ± 0.555

 Last visit

0.088 ± 0.935

0.135 ± 1.016

0.186 ± 0.863

0.140 ± 1.003

0.222 ± 0.722

0.039 ± 0.537

-0.429 ± 1.007

-0.004 ± 0.797

Memory, mean (SD)

 Overall

0.337 ± 0.890

0.372 ± 1.007

0.146 ± 0.873

0.346 ± 0.995

0.286 ± 0.636

0.512 ± 0.549

0.194 ± 0.836

0.324 ± 0.721

 First visit

0.293 ± 0.798

0.216 ± 0.927

0.235 ± 0.717

0.218 ± 0.909

0.406 ± 0.551

0.590 ± 0.456

0.181 ± 0.573

0.417 ± 0.548

 Last visit

0.010 ± 1.042

-0.019 ± 1.155

-0.083 ± 1.035

-0.025 ± 1.144

0.241 ± 0.688

0.176 ± 0.731

-0.393 ± 1.055

0.068 ± 0.845

Cognitive status, n (%)

 Cognitively normal

10,919 (47.3)

4,891 (37.7)

437 (32.0)

5,328 (37.1)

2,740 (76.0)

2,267 (74.7)

584 (28.2)

5,591 (64.2)

 MCI

2,248 (9.7)

820 (6.3)

444 (32.5)

1,264 (8.8)

287 (8.0)

-

697 (33.6)

984 (11.3)

 AD

9,272 (40.2)

7,090 (54.6)

486 (35.6)

7,576 (52.8)

445 (12.3)

485 (16.0)

766 (37.0)

1,696 (19.5)

 Dementia (other than AD)

627 (2.7)

184 (1.4)

-

184 (1.3)

135 (3.7)

283 (9.3)

25 (1.2)

443 (5.1)