Fig. 1

VCP protein organization and cellular interactions. a VCP domain organization and homohexamer formation. See text and [13] for details. b The STRING network of high confidence interactions (minimum score 0.70) of human VCP is depicted. The interactors are limited to the physical subnetwork [14]. The subnetwork includes many of the proteins that serve as VCP cofactors. c VCP-cofactor complexes (illustrated with cofactors that contain UBX-L, UBX, or PUB domains) regulate a vast number of cell-autonomous functions. VCP mutations may derail these activities. The cell-non-autonomous functions of VCP are beginning to emerge