Table 1 Cell type-specific regulation of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Vascular mural cells

• Hyperpolarization: K⁺ channels ↑, Ca²⁺ channels ↓[55]

• Activation of NO-cGMP-PKG pathway [63]

• Activation of cAMP-PKA pathway [65]

• Depolarization: K⁺ channels ↓, Ca²⁺ channels ↑[55]

• Cytosolic Ca²⁺ increase mediated by IP3 receptor [56]

• Activation of RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway [57]

Neurons

• NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor-dependent:

◦ NO release through nNOS [62]

◦ PGI₂ synthesis [62]

• NPY release from activated inhibitory neurons [66]

• VP release from VP neurons in the SON [67]

Astrocytes

• mGluR-dependent PGE₂ and EET synthesis [60]

• Astrocytic end feet K⁺ release in response to increased cytosolic Ca²⁺ [61]

• Excess increase of cytosolic Ca²⁺ induced by Angiotensin II through AT1 receptor [68]

Endothelial cells

• NO release through eNOS induced by:

◦ Glutamate signaling via NMDAR [69]

◦ Shear stress [70]

• ET release induced by hypoxia, thrombin, and inflammatory cytokines [71]

• ONOO⁻ production by Angiotensin II through AT1-NOX pathway [72]