Fig. 5

KDS-5104 reduces LPS-induced inflammation and lipid droplet formation via PPARα activation. (a) Representative images of Iba1 and GFAP from 4-month-old WT and PPARαKO mice pretreated with vehicle or 10 mg/kg KDS-5104 (i.p.) for 24 h, followed by a co-treatment of LPS (2 mg/kg, i.p.) and KDS-5104 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 18 h. (b) Quantification of GFAP fluorescent area (n = 5 mice/group). (c) Quantification of Iba1 fluorescent area (n = 5 mice/group). (d) Representative images of ASC speck (red) in primary WT and PPARαKO microglia cultures pretreated with vehicle or KDS-5104 for 18 h before addition of LPS. (e) Quantification of percentage of ASC positive cells (n = 9/group). (f) Same as (d) except BODIPY + lipid droplet was imaged. (g) Quantification of percentage of BODIPY positive cells (n = 6/group). (h) Representative images of lipid droplet formation by BODIPY (red) and DAPI (white) in vehicle or KDS-5104 pretreated and LPS induced BV2 cells without or with GW6471. (i) Quantification of percentage of BODIPY cells (n = 12/group). Scale bar: 100 μm. For all panels, data are presented as mean ± SEM. ns: non- significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests as the post hoc analysis