Table 3 Future directions for RGC survival, maturation and host interactions (SDG3)

Neuroprotective approaches

Explore the efficacy of neuroprotective approaches, including those initially developed to prevent endogenous RGC death, in the context of RGC transplantation

Epigenetics

Identify specific epigenetic mechanisms that regulate RGC development and survival and develop epigenetic therapies that can be applied to augment donor RGC transplantation

Donor cell maturation

Determine the most appropriate developmental stage and timing for donor RGC harvesting to achieve the best possible transplantation outcomes

Tissue-engineered retina models

Develop more advanced tissue-engineered retina models to provide longer-term neuronal health and better mimic the in vivo environment. These models could then be used to investigate RGC transplantation without the confounding effects of peripheral immunity

Role of the immune system

Better understand the complex interplay between the neuroinflammation and RGC degeneration and develop immune-based therapies to prevent donor RGCs from being collateral damage in a hostile disease environment

Role of CNS resident glial cells

Achieve comprehensive understanding of interactions between astrocytes and Müller glia with immune cells (resident microglia and peripheral macrophages) in maintaining retinal health, preserving RGC viability during disease/trauma, and promoting regeneration and transplant integration

Imaging techniques

Develop new tools and methods for high-resolution imaging and quantifying donor RGC survival and axonal regeneration in vivo to allow for time-course studies

Single-cell sequencing technology

Use the advancements in single-cell sequencing technology to investigate the molecular cues involved in RGC survival, maturation, and functional engraftment. Analyze the gene, protein, and metabolic expression profiles of individual RGCs at different stages of development and engraftment after transplantation