Fig. 2

Optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic neurons increased SWA and delta power, rescued NREM sleep and promoted sleep integrity in APP mice. (A and B) Overall 24-hour sleep pattern and sleep architecture of the APP mice before (A) and during (B) stimulation on ChR2. (C) Averaged time spent in each sleep-wake cycle stage (NREM, REM and wake) during 24-hour, 12-hour dark phase and 12-hour light phase of APP mice before and during stimulation on ChR2. (D) Time course of the changes in NREM sleep in APP mice before (APP-ChR2) and during stimulation (APP-ChR2-opto) on ChR2. (E-G) Relative power spectral density of NREM sleep during 24-hour, 12-hour dark phase and 12-hour light phase of APP mice before and during stimulation on ChR2. (H) The average EEG power density in the delta (0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) bands during NREM sleep during 24-hour, 12-hour dark phase and 12-hour light phase across conditions. (I) The average SWA (0.5–1 Hz) power during NREM sleep during 24-hour, 12-hour dark phase and 12-hour light phase across conditions. (J and K) Average length (J) and bouts count (K) in each sleep-wake cycle stage (NREM, REM and wake) during 24-hour, 12-hour dark phase and 12-hour light phase across conditions. All data are expressed as means ± standard error. The number of mice examined: APP = 6 mice/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. n.s. not significant