Fig. 1

Volcano Plot of the MWAS results from metabolomics LCMS data derived from both the (A) C18 negative and (B) HILIC positive results. Horizontal lines are shown at FDR≤0.05 and vertical lines are shown at log₂FC ±0.5 and dashed lines at log₂FC ±0.25. Metabolite features with a -log₁₀(FDR)>15 and/or log₂FC>2 are designated by the triangle shape and shown at the -log₁₀(FDR)=15 and or log₂FC =2 lines. Exact results can be found in Supplemental Tables 2 (C18 metabolites) and 3 (HILIC metabolites). C Violin plots show the top three metabolites from the MWAS by FDR that could be annotated at the highest confidence, excluding PD medication-associated metabolites, and separated by the independent study populations.