Fig. 2
From: Brain clearance of protein aggregates: a close-up on astrocytes
Modalities of amyloidogenic protein transmission from neurons to astrocytes. The figure shows several modalities by which α-Syn and Tau can be transferred from neurons to astrocytes. Specifically: amyloid proteins are released as free molecules by neurons upon degeneration and membrane rupture (1) (A). Alternatively, amyloid proteins can be transferred within extracellular vesicles (EVs) (B) or by means of Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), either as free aggregates (2) or within lysosomal-derived vesicles (3) (C). Internalized proteins can be partially degraded through the endo-lysosomal pathway (4) or accumulate within astrocytes (5)