Fig. 1

Summary of past, present and future in vivo model studies of AD. Traditional mouse models used in the past included various transgenic and KI/KO mouse models with phenotypic characterization of neuropathological and behavior changes. With new information gathered about novel risk variants of AD as well as new AD biomarkers, novel tools have been developed to deep phenotype many of existing mouse models of AD including EEG/sleep studies, neuro-imaging modalities as well as multi-omics analyses. The integration of mouse and human datasets facilitate a better understanding of molecular signatures of each mouse model reminiscent of human AD brain molecular signatures. Future directions such as developing new mouse models carrying novel AD risk variants to be identified, as well as human and mouse chimeric system to incorporate human iPSC systems into mouse models through transplantation approaches may provide novel insights into future in vivo modeling of AD