Fig. 2

Synaptic changes in resilient individuals compared to AD patients. Simplified overview of synaptic changes in resilient donors compared to AD patients. The most pronounced changes in the resilient synapse compared to the AD situation in cortical regions are alterations in the SNARE proteins, reduced amounts of oAβ and increased levels of PSD-95. More sparse is the evidence for alterations in receptors and their subunits, such as AMPAR and NDMAR, which has only been found in animal models. Alterations in synaptic changes in hippocampal regions is less evident than in cortical regions. Abbreviations: AMPAR; α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, GluA1; AMPAR subunit 1, GluN2A; NMDAR subunit type 2A, NDMAR; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, oAβ; oligomeric amyloid beta, PSD95; postsynaptic density protein 95, SNAP25; synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa, STX1A; Syntaxin 1A, SYN; synapsin. SYP; synaptophysin, SYT-12; synaptotagmin 12, VAMP-5; vesicle-associated membrane protein 5