The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Table 1 Endotoxin levels in blood of AD patients and age-matched controls

Study	LPS in AD	LPS in controls	LAL or ELISA Plasma or Serum
Zhang et al. 2009	60 ± 12 pg/ml, mean ± SEM: N =18	20 ± 2 pg/ml, mean ± SEM: N=18	LAL Plasma
Loffredo et al. 2020	26 ± 9 pg/ml, mean ± 95% CL N=47	12 ± 6 pg/ml, mean ± 95% CL N=64	ELISA and LAL Serum
Andreadou et al. 2021	97 ± 55 AU, mean ± SD mean ± SD N=18	14 ± 18 AU, N=13	ELISA Serum
Marizzoni et al. 2023	0.3 ± 0.05 AU, median ± 95% CL N =34	0.2 ± 0.1 AU median ± 95% CL N=13	ELISA Plasma
Sánchez-Tapia et al. 2023	694 ± 100 ng/mL, mean ± SD N=13	157 ± 100, mean ± SD N=42	ELISA Serum

The first column gives the reference for the study, the second and third columns give the measured level of LPS in AD patients and age-matched controls, where N is the number of such people measured, and the fourth column gives the method of LPS measurement (LAL Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and whether LPS was measured in blood serum or plasma
AU Arbitrary units, SEM Standard error of mean, SD Standard devaiation, CL Confidence limits

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